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. 2016 Aug 15;13(1):140.
doi: 10.1186/s12985-016-0596-1.

First outbreaks and phylogenetic analyses of avian influenza H9N2 viruses isolated from poultry flocks in Morocco

Mohammed El Houadfi  1   2 , Siham Fellahi  3 , Saadia Nassik  3 , Jean-Luc Guérin  4 , Mariette F Ducatez  4
Affiliations

First outbreaks and phylogenetic analyses of avian influenza H9N2 viruses isolated from poultry flocks in Morocco

Mohammed El Houadfi et al. Virol J. .

Abstract

Background: H9N2 avian influenza viruses continue to spread in poultry and wild birds worldwide. Morocco just faced its first H9N2 influenza virus outbreaks early 2016 affecting different types of poultry production. After its introduction, the virus spread very rapidly throughout the country.

Methods: Samples were collected from 11 chicken flocks with high morbidity and mortality rates. Four viruses were successfully isolated from broiler chickens and one from broiler breeders and fully sequenced.

Results: Phylogenetic and molecular markers analyses showed the Moroccan viruses belonged to the G1 lineage and likely originated from the Middle East. As known for H9N2 viruses, the Moroccanisolates possess several genetic markers that enhance virulence in poultry and transmission to humans.

Conclusion: The present study demonstrated that under field conditions H9N2 could have a devastating effect on egg production and mortalities and highlighted a lack of surveillance data on the pathogen in the region.

Keywords: H9N2; Influenza Virus; Morocco; Phylogenetic analyses.

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Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Congested trachea with fibrinous casts in both bronchi. Picture taken from a Moroccan H9N2 outbreak in January 2016, from a broiler chicken at 31 days of age
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Phylogenetic analysis of Moroccan HA (A) and NA (B) gene segments. The nucleotide sequences of Moroccan H9N2 viruses characterized in our study (with black circle shaped symbols) were compared with relevant virus sequences available in GenBank and GISAID databases. In brief, we selected the first 20 hits by BLAST search, included WHO recommended vaccine strains (in red font), reference viruses, and relevant sequences from neighbouring areas
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Phylogenetic analysis of Moroccan PB2 (A), PB1 (B), PA (C), NP (D), M (E), and NS (F) gene segments. The nucleotide sequences of Moroccan H9N2 viruses characterized in our study (with black circle shaped symbols) were compared with relevant virus sequences available in GenBank and GISAID databases. In brief, we selected the first 20 hits by BLAST search, included WHO recommended vaccine strains (in red font), reference viruses, and relevant sequences from neighbouring areas
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