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. 2016 Dec;21(4):212-218.
doi: 10.6065/apem.2016.21.4.212. Epub 2016 Dec 31.

Clinical features of childhood diabetes mellitus focusing on latent autoimmune diabetes

Seung Ho Lee  1 , Jeesuk Yu  1
Affiliations

Clinical features of childhood diabetes mellitus focusing on latent autoimmune diabetes

Seung Ho Lee et al. Ann Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2016 Dec.

Abstract

Purpose: This study was designed to evaluate the clinical characteristics of childhood diabetes mellitus (DM) according to its classification as well as the clinical course of latent autoimmune diabetes (LAD) that initially showed noninsulin dependence despite autoantibody positivity.

Methods: A total of 91 subjects diagnosed between 2001 and 2015 were enrolled in the study. They were classified into 3 groups: type 1 DM, LAD, and type 2 DM. Clinical features and laboratory findings were compared among groups.

Results: Among 91 subjects, type 1 DM, LAD, and type 2 DM were 51 (56.0%), 7 (7.7%), and 33 (36.3%), respectively. In LAD, age at diagnosis and BMI Z-scores were higher, as compared with those in type 1 DM. Initial serum c-peptide levels were higher in LAD than those in type 1 DM, but lower than those in type 2 DM. In LAD, the mean follow-up duration was 4.56 years, and 43% of the patients ultimately required intensive insulin treatment with dosage of > 0.5 U/kg/day. HbA1C and serum c-peptide levels at the time of intensive insulin treatment were 9.43±0.93% and 1.37±1.36 ng/mL, respectively. Recent serum c-peptide/glucose ratio was lower in the group requiring intensive insulin treatment than the group without intensive insulin treatment, with P-value of 0.057 (0.003±0.005 vs. 0.071±0.086).

Conclusion: Initial autoantibody evaluation is useful for classification and management. Close monitoring of the patients with LAD is important due to the expected need for intensive insulin treatment within several years.

Keywords: Autoantibody; Child; Type 2 diabetes mellitus.

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Conflict of interest statement

No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1. Venn diagrams show distribution of autoantibody in type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM) and latent autoimmune diabetes. IAA, Insulin autoantibody; IA-2, insulinoma-associated 2; GAD, glutamic acid decarboxylase; Ab, antibody.
Fig. 2
Fig. 2. Latent autoimmune diabetes (LAD) patients show increasing trend of hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) (A), and decreasing trend of serum c-peptide (B) during follow-up. Pt., patient.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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