Role of Maternal Dietary Protein and Amino Acids on Fetal Programming, Early Neonatal Development, and Lactation in Swine

doi:10.3390/ani9010019

Review

. 2019 Jan 13;9(1):19.

doi: 10.3390/ani9010019.

Role of Maternal Dietary Protein and Amino Acids on Fetal Programming, Early Neonatal Development, and Lactation in Swine

Shihai Zhang^{1

2}, Jinghui Heng³, Hanqing Song⁴, Yufeng Zhang⁵, Xiaofeng Lin⁶, Min Tian⁷, Fang Chen^{8

9}, Wutai Guan^{10

11

12}

Affiliations

¹ Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China. zhangshihai@scau.edu.cn.
² College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China. zhangshihai@scau.edu.cn.
³ Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China. Hengjinghui@stu.scau.edu.cn.
⁴ Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China. hqsong@stu.scau.edu.cn.
⁵ Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China. zhangyufeng@stu.scau.edu.cn.
⁶ Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China. xiaofenglin@stu.scau.edu.cn.
⁷ Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China. tianmin@stu.scau.edu.cn.
⁸ Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China. chenfang1111@scau.edu.cn.
⁹ College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China. chenfang1111@scau.edu.cn.
¹⁰ Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China. wutaiguan1963@163.com.
¹¹ College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China. wutaiguan1963@163.com.
¹² College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Wushan Avenue, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, China. wutaiguan1963@163.com.

PMID: 30642135
PMCID: PMC6356768
DOI: 10.3390/ani9010019

Review

Role of Maternal Dietary Protein and Amino Acids on Fetal Programming, Early Neonatal Development, and Lactation in Swine

Shihai Zhang et al. Animals (Basel). 2019.

. 2019 Jan 13;9(1):19.

doi: 10.3390/ani9010019.

Authors

Shihai Zhang^{1

2}, Jinghui Heng³, Hanqing Song⁴, Yufeng Zhang⁵, Xiaofeng Lin⁶, Min Tian⁷, Fang Chen^{8

9}, Wutai Guan^{10

11

12}

Affiliations

¹ Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China. zhangshihai@scau.edu.cn.
² College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China. zhangshihai@scau.edu.cn.
³ Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China. Hengjinghui@stu.scau.edu.cn.
⁴ Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China. hqsong@stu.scau.edu.cn.
⁵ Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China. zhangyufeng@stu.scau.edu.cn.
⁶ Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China. xiaofenglin@stu.scau.edu.cn.
⁷ Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China. tianmin@stu.scau.edu.cn.
⁸ Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China. chenfang1111@scau.edu.cn.
⁹ College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China. chenfang1111@scau.edu.cn.
¹⁰ Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China. wutaiguan1963@163.com.
¹¹ College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China. wutaiguan1963@163.com.
¹² College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Wushan Avenue, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, China. wutaiguan1963@163.com.

PMID: 30642135
PMCID: PMC6356768
DOI: 10.3390/ani9010019

Abstract

Maternal nutrition plays a vital role in fetal development, early development of neonates, and lactation and regulates the lifetime productivity of offspring. During pregnancy, maternal nutrition alters expression of the fetal genome and the development of tissues and organs via fetal programming. After parturition, maternal nutrition continues to regulate growth and development of piglets through maternal milk, which contains carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and oligosaccharides. Thus, deficiencies in maternal nutrition are detrimental to development of piglets, which can lead to inefficient growth and decreased carcass merit. Protein is an important nutritional component for sows, which not only functions in muscle development, but also plays a vital role in embryonic and neonatal development and lactation. Although effects of maternal undernutrition on neonatal development have been widely studied in sows, the function of different maternal dietary protein levels on fetal development, neonatal growth and lactation performance of sows is largely unknown. Determination of the effects and underlying mechanisms of maternal dietary protein levels on development of piglets is vital to the pork industry. Therefore, we summarized recent reports regarding mechanisms of effects of maternal protein levels on regulation of conceptus growth and early postnatal development though uterine fetal programming and lactation in swine.

Keywords: dietary protein level; fetus development; lactation; sows.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

**Figure 1**
Maternal regulation of early development of neonates through fetal programming and lactation.

**Figure 2**
Effects of deficient and excess maternal protein level on fetal fiber formation. Upward-pointing arrow indicates “increase” and downward-pointing arrow indicates “decrease”.

**Figure 3**
Effects of deficient and excess maternal protein level on neonate fat formation. Upward-pointing arrow indicates “increase” and downward-pointing arrow indicates “decrease”.

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References

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1. Senger P.L. Pathways to Pregnancy and Parturition. Current Conceptions, Inc.; Pullman, WA, USA: 2004.
1. Abbott D.H., Padmanabhan V., Dumesic D.A. Contributions of androgen and estrogen to fetal programming of ovarian dysfunction. Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol. 2006;4:17. doi: 10.1186/1477-7827-4-17. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
1. Wigmore P., Stickland N. Muscle development in large and small pig fetuses. J. Anat. 1983;137:235. - PMC - PubMed

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[1] Belkacemi L., Nelson D.M., Desai M., Ross M.G. Maternal undernutrition influences placental-fetal development. Biol. Reprod. 2010;83:325–331. doi: 10.1095/biolreprod.110.084517. - DOI - PubMed

[2] Belkacemi L., Nelson D.M., Desai M., Ross M.G. Maternal undernutrition influences placental-fetal development. Biol. Reprod. 2010;83:325–331. doi: 10.1095/biolreprod.110.084517. - DOI - PubMed

[3] Godfrey K.M., Barker D.J. Fetal programming and adult health. Public Health Nutr. 2001;4:611–624. doi: 10.1079/PHN2001145. - DOI - PubMed

[4] Godfrey K.M., Barker D.J. Fetal programming and adult health. Public Health Nutr. 2001;4:611–624. doi: 10.1079/PHN2001145. - DOI - PubMed

[5] Senger P.L. Pathways to Pregnancy and Parturition. Current Conceptions, Inc.; Pullman, WA, USA: 2004.

[6] Senger P.L. Pathways to Pregnancy and Parturition. Current Conceptions, Inc.; Pullman, WA, USA: 2004.

[7] Abbott D.H., Padmanabhan V., Dumesic D.A. Contributions of androgen and estrogen to fetal programming of ovarian dysfunction. Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol. 2006;4:17. doi: 10.1186/1477-7827-4-17. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

[8] Abbott D.H., Padmanabhan V., Dumesic D.A. Contributions of androgen and estrogen to fetal programming of ovarian dysfunction. Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol. 2006;4:17. doi: 10.1186/1477-7827-4-17. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

[9] Wigmore P., Stickland N. Muscle development in large and small pig fetuses. J. Anat. 1983;137:235. - PMC - PubMed

[10] Wigmore P., Stickland N. Muscle development in large and small pig fetuses. J. Anat. 1983;137:235. - PMC - PubMed

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Role of Maternal Dietary Protein and Amino Acids on Fetal Programming, Early Neonatal Development, and Lactation in Swine

Affiliations

Role of Maternal Dietary Protein and Amino Acids on Fetal Programming, Early Neonatal Development, and Lactation in Swine

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Abstract

Conflict of interest statement

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