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Review
. 2019 Dec 24;21(1):148.
doi: 10.3390/ijms21010148.

An Overview of Hazardous Impacts of Soil Salinity in Crops, Tolerance Mechanisms, and Amelioration through Selenium Supplementation

Muhammad Kamran  1 , Aasma Parveen  2 , Sunny Ahmar  3 , Zaffar Malik  2 , Sajid Hussain  4 , Muhammad Sohaib Chattha  3 , Muhammad Hamzah Saleem  3 , Muhammad Adil  5 , Parviz Heidari  6 , Jen-Tsung Chen  7
Affiliations
Review

An Overview of Hazardous Impacts of Soil Salinity in Crops, Tolerance Mechanisms, and Amelioration through Selenium Supplementation

Muhammad Kamran et al. Int J Mol Sci. .

Abstract

Soil salinization is one of the major environmental stressors hampering the growth and yield of crops all over the world. A wide spectrum of physiological and biochemical alterations of plants are induced by salinity, which causes lowered water potential in the soil solution, ionic disequilibrium, specific ion effects, and a higher accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). For many years, numerous investigations have been made into salinity stresses and attempts to minimize the losses of plant productivity, including the effects of phytohormones, osmoprotectants, antioxidants, polyamines, and trace elements. One of the protectants, selenium (Se), has been found to be effective in improving growth and inducing tolerance against excessive soil salinity. However, the in-depth mechanisms of Se-induced salinity tolerance are still unclear. This review refines the knowledge involved in Se-mediated improvements of plant growth when subjected to salinity and suggests future perspectives as well as several research limitations in this field.

Keywords: crops; enzymatic anti-oxidative system; reactive oxygen species (ROS); salinity; selenium (Se).

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest, either financially or otherwise.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Schematic diagram interpreting the hazardous impacts of soil salinity stress in crop plants. The figure is briefly modified from the literature [20].
Figure 2
Figure 2
Schematic presentation showing the possible causes that overproduce reactive oxygen species (ROS), which might disturb the normal function of plant cells. The mechanism of antioxidants shown here scavenges the ROS effects as well as ameliorative effects of Se to induce salinity tolerance in crop plants. Se represents “selenium” (25 μM Na2SeO4) and S1 and S2 represent salinity stress (100 and 200 mM NaCl), respectively. The seedlings are representative of Brassica napus L. (Source: [24]). POD: peroxidase; SOD: superoxide dismutase; APX: ascorbate peroxidase; GSH: reduced glutathione; GSSG: oxidized glutathione; H2O2: hydrogen peroxide; NADP+: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate; MPK: mitogen activated protein kinase gene; CPK: calcium dependent protein kinase gene; NHX: sodium/hydrogen (Na+/H+) exchanger gene.
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