Perspective of Dose and Response for Individualized Physical Exercise and Training Prescription

doi:10.3390/jfmk5030048

. 2020 Jul 14;5(3):48.

doi: 10.3390/jfmk5030048.

Perspective of Dose and Response for Individualized Physical Exercise and Training Prescription

Thomas Gronwald¹, Alexander Törpel², Fabian Herold^{3

4}, Henning Budde⁵

Affiliations

¹ Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Performance, Neuroscience, Therapy and Health, MSH Medical School Hamburg, University of Applied Sciences and Medical University, Am Kaiserkai 1, 20457 Hamburg, Germany.
² German Swimming Federation, Korbacher Straße 93, 34132 Kassel, Germany.
³ Research Group Neuroprotection, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
⁴ Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Otto von Guericke University, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
⁵ Faculty of Human Sciences, MSH Medical School Hamburg, University of Applied Sciences and Medical University, Am Kaiserkai 1, 20457 Hamburg, Germany.

PMID: 33467264
PMCID: PMC7739365
DOI: 10.3390/jfmk5030048

Perspective of Dose and Response for Individualized Physical Exercise and Training Prescription

Thomas Gronwald et al. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol. 2020.

. 2020 Jul 14;5(3):48.

doi: 10.3390/jfmk5030048.

Authors

Thomas Gronwald¹, Alexander Törpel², Fabian Herold^{3

4}, Henning Budde⁵

Affiliations

¹ Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Performance, Neuroscience, Therapy and Health, MSH Medical School Hamburg, University of Applied Sciences and Medical University, Am Kaiserkai 1, 20457 Hamburg, Germany.
² German Swimming Federation, Korbacher Straße 93, 34132 Kassel, Germany.
³ Research Group Neuroprotection, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
⁴ Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Otto von Guericke University, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
⁵ Faculty of Human Sciences, MSH Medical School Hamburg, University of Applied Sciences and Medical University, Am Kaiserkai 1, 20457 Hamburg, Germany.

PMID: 33467264
PMCID: PMC7739365
DOI: 10.3390/jfmk5030048

Abstract

Physical interventions are used to increase physical (sports) performance and considered as effective low-cost strategies in the fields of healthcare, disease or injury prevention, and medical treatment. In general, a considerable amount of evidence buttress the application of physical interventions in various fields as it has been demonstrated to contribute to the maintenance and recovery of physical performance, cognitive function, and overall state of health. To implement physical interventions effectively, it is essential to provide an appropriate exercise and training prescription. Exercise and training prescription are key for "dose" specification and for the individualization (personalizing) of physical exercise and training, precisely adjusted and controlled like medication. Since the physiological response to physical interventions is demonstrably individual and dependent on many influencing factors, individualization is an emerging approach aiming to maximize the efficiency of an intervention by accounting for the interindividual heterogeneity. The present brief viewpoint article aims to distinguish and to redefine between the terms dose and response in order to improve the understanding of practitioners, the methodology of study protocols, and to relate future findings to the actual biological (interindividual) variability of acute and chronic responses.

Keywords: acute response; chronic response; dose; exercise and training prescription; exercise is medicine; external load; internal load; personalized medicine.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

**Figure 1**
Individual physical exercise and training prescription are based on specific objectives and the respective context in the varying fields of application, as well as principles for the programming and monitoring of physical exercise and training. The dose–outcome relationship depends on a multitude of factors, such as factors of external and internal load and influencing factors. HR: heart rate, HRV: heart rate variability, VO₂: oxygen uptake, RER: respiratory exchange ratio, CK: creatine kinase, CNS: central nervous system, RPE: rating of perceived exertion, DOMS: rating of delayed onset muscle soreness, PAP: post-activation potentiation.

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References

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1. Luan X., Tian X., Zhang H., Huang R., Li N., Chen P., Wang R. Exercise as a prescription for patients with various diseases. J. Sport Health Sci. 2019;8:422–441. doi: 10.1016/j.jshs.2019.04.002. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
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[1] Budde H., Schwarz R., Velasques B., Ribeiro P., Holzweg M., Machado S., Brazaitis M., Staack F., Wegner M. The need for differentiating between exercise, physical activity, and training. Autoimmun. Rev. 2016;15:110–111. doi: 10.1016/j.autrev.2015.09.004. - DOI - PubMed

[2] Budde H., Schwarz R., Velasques B., Ribeiro P., Holzweg M., Machado S., Brazaitis M., Staack F., Wegner M. The need for differentiating between exercise, physical activity, and training. Autoimmun. Rev. 2016;15:110–111. doi: 10.1016/j.autrev.2015.09.004. - DOI - PubMed

[3] Gronwald T., Budde H. Commentary: Physical exercise as personalized medicine for dementia prevention? Front. Physiol. 2019;10:1358. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01358. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

[4] Gronwald T., Budde H. Commentary: Physical exercise as personalized medicine for dementia prevention? Front. Physiol. 2019;10:1358. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01358. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

[5] Pedersen B.K., Saltin B. Exercise as medicine—Evidence for prescribing exercise as therapy in 26 different chronic diseases. Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports. 2015;25:1–72. doi: 10.1111/sms.12581. - DOI - PubMed

[6] Pedersen B.K., Saltin B. Exercise as medicine—Evidence for prescribing exercise as therapy in 26 different chronic diseases. Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports. 2015;25:1–72. doi: 10.1111/sms.12581. - DOI - PubMed

[7] Luan X., Tian X., Zhang H., Huang R., Li N., Chen P., Wang R. Exercise as a prescription for patients with various diseases. J. Sport Health Sci. 2019;8:422–441. doi: 10.1016/j.jshs.2019.04.002. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

[8] Luan X., Tian X., Zhang H., Huang R., Li N., Chen P., Wang R. Exercise as a prescription for patients with various diseases. J. Sport Health Sci. 2019;8:422–441. doi: 10.1016/j.jshs.2019.04.002. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

[9] Buford T.W., Roberts M.D., Church T.S. Toward exercise as personalized medicine. Sports Med. 2013;43:157–165. doi: 10.1007/s40279-013-0018-0. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

[10] Buford T.W., Roberts M.D., Church T.S. Toward exercise as personalized medicine. Sports Med. 2013;43:157–165. doi: 10.1007/s40279-013-0018-0. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

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Perspective of Dose and Response for Individualized Physical Exercise and Training Prescription

Affiliations

Perspective of Dose and Response for Individualized Physical Exercise and Training Prescription

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Affiliations

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Conflict of interest statement

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