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Review
. 2021 Apr 25;22(9):4469.
doi: 10.3390/ijms22094469.

Skeletal Muscle-Adipose Tissue-Tumor Axis: Molecular Mechanisms Linking Exercise Training in Prostate Cancer

Sílvia Rocha-Rodrigues  1   2   3 , Andreia Matos  3   4 , José Afonso  5 , Miguel Mendes-Ferreira  3 , Eduardo Abade  6 , Eduardo Teixeira  1   7   8 , Bruno Silva  1   2 , Eugenia Murawska-Ciałowicz  9 , Maria José Oliveira  3 , Ricardo Ribeiro  3   10   11
Affiliations
Review

Skeletal Muscle-Adipose Tissue-Tumor Axis: Molecular Mechanisms Linking Exercise Training in Prostate Cancer

Sílvia Rocha-Rodrigues et al. Int J Mol Sci. .

Abstract

Increased visceral adiposity may influence the development of prostate cancer (PCa) aggressive tumors and cancer mortality. White adipose tissue (WAT), usually referred to as periprostatic adipose tissue (PPAT), surrounds the prostatic gland and has emerged as a potential mediator of the tumor microenvironment. Exercise training (ET) induces several adaptations in both skeletal muscle and WAT. Some of these effects are mediated by ET-induced synthesis and secretion of several proteins, known as myo- and adipokines. Together, myokines and adipokines may act in an endocrine-like manner to favor communication between skeletal muscle and WAT, as they may work together to improve whole-body metabolic health. This crosstalk may constitute a potential mechanism by which ET exerts its beneficial role in the prevention and treatment of PCa-related disorders; however, this has not yet been explored. Therefore, we reviewed the current evidence on the effects of skeletal muscle-WAT-tumor crosstalk in PCa, and the potential mediators of this process to provide a better understanding of underlying ET-related mechanisms in cancer.

Keywords: cancer; periprostatic fat; physical activity; skeletal muscle; tumor microenvironment; visceral adiposity.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Schematic view of hypothetical mechanisms underlying the effects of exercise training (ET) on the skeletal muscle–white adipose tissue (WAT)–tumor axis in prostate cancer (PCa).ET promotes several positive adaptations in WAT by decreasing the visceral adiposity and increasing the skeletal muscle mass in PCa patients, which is reflected by a positive modulation of the tumor microenvironment (TME). Furthermore, adipokine/myokine production and secretion in response to ET may modulate the skeletal muscle–WAT–tumor axis in cancer. However, the role of ET on PPAT and PCa tumor remains elusive, with conflicting data; BW, body weight; PPAT, periprostatic adipose tissue; PGC-1α, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator; AMPK, adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase; IL-6, interleukin-6; FNDC5, fibronectin type III-domain containing 5.
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