A Narrative Review of Current Concerns and Future Perspectives of the Carbohydrate Mouth Rinse Effects on Exercise Performance

doi:10.1177/20503121221098120

Review

. 2022 May 13:10:20503121221098120.

doi: 10.1177/20503121221098120. eCollection 2022.

A Narrative Review of Current Concerns and Future Perspectives of the Carbohydrate Mouth Rinse Effects on Exercise Performance

Vitor de Salles Painelli^{1

2}, Cayque Brietzke^{1

3}, Paulo Estevão Franco-Alvarenga^{1

3}, Raul Canestri¹, Ítalo Vinícius¹, Flávio Oliveira Pires^{1

3}

Affiliations

¹ Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
² Strength Training Study and Research Group, Institute of Health Sciences, Paulista University, São Paulo, Brazil.
³ Human Movement Science and Rehabilitation Program, Federal University of São Paulo, Santos, Brazil.

PMID: 35615525
PMCID: PMC9125602
DOI: 10.1177/20503121221098120

Review

A Narrative Review of Current Concerns and Future Perspectives of the Carbohydrate Mouth Rinse Effects on Exercise Performance

Vitor de Salles Painelli et al. SAGE Open Med. 2022.

. 2022 May 13:10:20503121221098120.

doi: 10.1177/20503121221098120. eCollection 2022.

Authors

Vitor de Salles Painelli^{1

2}, Cayque Brietzke^{1

3}, Paulo Estevão Franco-Alvarenga^{1

3}, Raul Canestri¹, Ítalo Vinícius¹, Flávio Oliveira Pires^{1

3}

Affiliations

¹ Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
² Strength Training Study and Research Group, Institute of Health Sciences, Paulista University, São Paulo, Brazil.
³ Human Movement Science and Rehabilitation Program, Federal University of São Paulo, Santos, Brazil.

PMID: 35615525
PMCID: PMC9125602
DOI: 10.1177/20503121221098120

Abstract

Previous systematic reviews have confirmed that carbohydrate (CHO) mouth rinse may boost physical exercise performance, despite some methodological aspects likely affecting its ergogenic effect. In this review, we discussed if the exercise mode, pre-exercise fasting status, CHO solutions concentration, CHO solutions temperature, mouth rinse duration, and CHO placebo effects may potentially reduce the CHO mouth rinse ergogenic effect, suggesting possible solutions to manage these potential confounders. The effectiveness of CHO mouth rinse as a performance booster is apparently related to the origin of the exercise-induced neuromuscular fatigue, as CHO mouth rinse unequivocally potentiates endurance rather than sprint and strength exercises performance. Furthermore, ergogenic effects have been greater in fasting than fed state, somehow explaining the varied magnitude of the CHO mouth rinse effects in exercise performance. In this regard, the CHO solution concentration and temperature, as well as the mouth rinse duration, may have increased the variability observed in CHO mouth rinse effects in fasting and fed state. Finally, placebo effects have challenged the potential of the CHO mouth rinse as an ergogenic aid. Therefore, we suggest that future studies should consider methodological controls such as sample size and sample homogeneity, proper familiarization with experimental procedures, and the use of alternative placebo designs to provide unbiased evidence regarding the potential of the CHO mouth rinse as an ergogenic aid.

Keywords: Central fatigue; Nutritional supplementation; Peripheral fatigue; Physical tests; Placebo.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declaration of conflicting interests: The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Figures

**Figure 1.**
Potential manipulating determinants of the CHO mouth rinse ergogenic effects, with regard to the CHO solution concentration (Panel I), the type of exercise protocol (Panel II), the placebo effect (Panel III), and the mouth rinse duration (Panel IV).

See this image and copyright information in PMC

Cited by

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Carbohydrate mouth rinse failed to reduce central fatigue, lower perceived exertion, and improve performance during incremental exercise.
Pires FO, Pinheiro FA, Brietzke C, Franco-Alvarenga PE, Veras K, de Matos ECT, Rodacki ALF, Ugrinowitsch C. Pires FO, et al. Front Nutr. 2024 Feb 20;11:1329074. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1329074. eCollection 2024. Front Nutr. 2024. PMID: 38445204 Free PMC article.

References

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[1] Casazza GA, Tovar AP, Richardson CE, et al.. Energy availability, macronutrient intake, and nutritional supplementation for improving exercise performance in endurance athletes. Curr Sports Med Rep 2018; 17(6): 215–223. - PubMed

[2] Casazza GA, Tovar AP, Richardson CE, et al.. Energy availability, macronutrient intake, and nutritional supplementation for improving exercise performance in endurance athletes. Curr Sports Med Rep 2018; 17(6): 215–223. - PubMed

[3] Tiller NB, Roberts JD, Beasley L, et al.. International society of sports nutrition position stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2019; 16: 50. - PMC - PubMed

[4] Tiller NB, Roberts JD, Beasley L, et al.. International society of sports nutrition position stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2019; 16: 50. - PMC - PubMed

[5] Coyle EF, Coggan AR, Hemmert MK, et al.. Muscle glycogen utilization during prolonged strenuous exercise when fed carbohydrate. J Appl Physiol 1986; 61(1): 165–172. - PubMed

[6] Coyle EF, Coggan AR, Hemmert MK, et al.. Muscle glycogen utilization during prolonged strenuous exercise when fed carbohydrate. J Appl Physiol 1986; 61(1): 165–172. - PubMed

[7] Jeukendrup AE, Raben A, Gijsen A, et al.. Glucose kinetics during prolonged exercise in highly trained human subjects: effect of glucose ingestion. J Physiol 1999; 515(2): 579–589. - PMC - PubMed

[8] Jeukendrup AE, Raben A, Gijsen A, et al.. Glucose kinetics during prolonged exercise in highly trained human subjects: effect of glucose ingestion. J Physiol 1999; 515(2): 579–589. - PMC - PubMed

[9] Kuipers H, Costill DL, Porter DA, et al.. Glucose feeding and exercise in trained rats: mechanisms for glycogen sparing. J Appl Physiol 1986; 61(3): 859–863. - PubMed

[10] Kuipers H, Costill DL, Porter DA, et al.. Glucose feeding and exercise in trained rats: mechanisms for glycogen sparing. J Appl Physiol 1986; 61(3): 859–863. - PubMed

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A Narrative Review of Current Concerns and Future Perspectives of the Carbohydrate Mouth Rinse Effects on Exercise Performance

Affiliations

A Narrative Review of Current Concerns and Future Perspectives of the Carbohydrate Mouth Rinse Effects on Exercise Performance

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Affiliations

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Abstract

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