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Review
. 2022 Nov;32(4):101311.
doi: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2022.101311. Epub 2022 Jul 16.

Molecular exploration of hidden pleiotropic activities of azoles on dermatophytes in human tinea corporis infection

Khalid Saad Alharbi  1 , Navneet Joshi  2 , Yogendra Singh  3 , Waleed Hassan Almalki  4 , Imran Kazmi  5 , Fahad A Al-Abbasi  5 , Sami I Alzarea  1 , Obaid Afzal  6 , Abdulmalik Saleh Alfawaz Altamimi  6 , Gaurav Gupta  7
Affiliations
Review

Molecular exploration of hidden pleiotropic activities of azoles on dermatophytes in human tinea corporis infection

Khalid Saad Alharbi et al. J Mycol Med. 2022 Nov.

Abstract

Dermatophyte infections are widespread worldwide and are the most prevalent cause of fungal infection of the skin, hair, and nails. Tinea corporis is most commonly caused by dermatophytes belonging to three genera: Trichophyton , Microsporum , and Epidermophyton. The disease may be acquired through person-to-person transmission, typically by direct communication with an infected individual. Since dermatophytes causing tinea corporis infection are restricted to superficial keratinized tissue, topical treatments are most effective in patients with naïve tinea corporis unless the disease is widespread. Dermatophyte adherence to a keratinized structure is an essential step in dermatophytosis pathogenesis, whereby proteolytic enzyme activity is converted into a particular keratolytic activity that encourages the dermatophyte to use keratin as the sole source of carbon. Despite increasing dermatophytosis worldwide, particularly in the tropics, this research has often been neglected, appears to predominate globally, and presents practitioners with a therapeutic challenge. However, experts supported the use of allylamines in the pleiotropic molecular exploration of azoles, including reactive oxygen species (ROS) inducer, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and wide-spectrum antimycotic effects. Therefore, the current review aims to update and reform this essential subject and illustrate the recent advancement of the hidden pleiotropic activity of azoles at the molecular level on dermatophytes in human tinea corporis infection.

Keywords: Anti-inflammatory; Dermatophytes; Ketoconazole; Reactive oxygen species; Tinea corporis.

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