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Review
. 2022 Sep 20;27(19):6147.
doi: 10.3390/molecules27196147.

A Comprehensive Literature Review on Cardioprotective Effects of Bioactive Compounds Present in Fruits of Aristotelia chilensis Stuntz (Maqui)

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Review

A Comprehensive Literature Review on Cardioprotective Effects of Bioactive Compounds Present in Fruits of Aristotelia chilensis Stuntz (Maqui)

Lyanne Rodríguez et al. Molecules. .

Abstract

Some fruits and vegetables, rich in bioactive compounds such as polyphenols, flavonoids, and anthocyanins, may inhibit platelet activation pathways and therefore reduce the risk of suffering from CVD when consumed regularly. Aristotelia chilensis Stuntz (Maqui) is a shrub or tree native to Chile with outstanding antioxidant activity, associated with its high content in anthocyanins, polyphenols, and flavonoids. Previous studies reveal different pharmacological properties for this berry, but its cardioprotective potential has been little studied. Despite having an abundant composition, and being rich in bioactive products with an antiplatelet role, there are few studies linking this berry with antiplatelet activity. This review summarizes and discusses relevant information on the cardioprotective potential of Maqui, based on its composition of bioactive compounds, mainly as a nutraceutical antiplatelet agent. Articles published between 2000 and 2022 in the following bibliographic databases were selected: PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar. Our search revealed that Maqui is a promising cardiovascular _target since extracts from this berry have direct effects on the reduction in cardiovascular risk factors (glucose index, obesity, diabetes, among others). Although studies on antiplatelet activity in this fruit are recent, its rich chemical composition clearly shows that the presence of chemical compounds (anthocyanins, flavonoids, phenolic acids, among others) with high antiplatelet potential can provide this berry with antiplatelet properties. These bioactive compounds have antiplatelet effects with multiple _targets in the platelet, particularly, they have been related to the inhibition of thromboxane, thrombin, ADP, and GPVI receptors, or through the pathways by which these receptors stimulate platelet aggregation. Detailed studies are needed to clarify this gap in the literature, as well as to specifically evaluate the mechanism of action of Maqui extracts, due to the presence of phenolic compounds.

Keywords: Maqui; phenolic compounds and cardiovascular; platelets.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Platelet function in the process of primary hemostasis. ADP, adenosine diphosphate; VWF, von Willebrand factor; GP, glycoprotein; 5HT: serotonin.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Participation of platelets in the atherothrombotic process. VWF, von Willebrand factor; GP, glycoprotein; IL, interleukin, PF4, platelet factor 4; PSGL-1, glycoprotein ligand-1 P-selectin; RANTES, beta-regulatory chemokine; VCAM-1, vascular cell-1 adhesion molecule.
Figure 3
Figure 3
The chemical structure of the main chemical compounds present in the fruits of Maqui. Chemical structures corresponding to a, Delphinidin-3-glucoside; b, Cyanidin-3-glucoside; c, Ellagic acid; d, Quercetin; e, Kaempferol-3-glucoside; f, Myricetin; g, Isorhamnetin-3 -rutinoside; h, Granatin B; i, Eriodic-tyol-7-rutinoside; j, Hesperetin-7-rutinoside; k, 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid; l, Rutin; m, Ferulic acid and n, Sinapic acid.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Cardioprotective effect of chemical compounds identified in Maqui.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Antiplatelet mechanistic proposal for Maqui. AC, adenylate cyclase; AKT, protein kinase B; cAMP, cyclic adenosine monophosphate; DAG, diacylglycerol; PI3, phosphoinositol 3 kinase; PIP2, phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate; GP, glycoprotein; MAP, mitogen-activated protein kinase; P2Y12/P2P1, ADP receptor; TxA2R, thromboxane receptor.

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Grants and funding

This work has been funded by ANID/REDES190112 “INTERNATIONAL NETWORK ON THE STUDY OF ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM STRESS IN PLATELET FOR PREVENT CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE IN GLUCOLIPOTOXIC MILIEU”.

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