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Review
. 2022 Nov 18;10(1-4):19-25.
doi: 10.1159/000528147. eCollection 2022 Dec.

The Relationship of Vascular Aging to Reduced Cognitive Function: Pulsatile and Steady State Arterial Hemodynamics

Wei-Ting Wang  1   2   3 , Wei-Lun Chang  4 , Hao-Min Cheng  1   2   5   6   7
Affiliations
Review

The Relationship of Vascular Aging to Reduced Cognitive Function: Pulsatile and Steady State Arterial Hemodynamics

Wei-Ting Wang et al. Pulse (Basel). .

Abstract

Aortic stiffness increases with age and is a robust predictor of cerebrovascular events and cognitive decline including Alzheimer's disease and other forms of dementia. Recent clinical studies have investigated the association between proximal aortic stiffness and pulsatile energy transmission that has deleterious effects on the cerebrovascular network in order to identify potential therapeutic _targets. Aging causes disproportionate stiffening of the aorta compared with the carotid arteries, reducing protective impedance mismatches at their interface, increasing the transmission of destructive pulsatile pressure and energy to the cerebral circulation, and leading to cerebral small vessel disease. Thus, aortic stiffening and high-flow pulsatility are associated with alterations in the microvasculature of the brain, vascular endothelial dysfunction, and white matter damage, which contribute to impaired memory function with advancing age. Previous studies have also shown that silent lacunar infarcts and white matter hyperintensities are strongly associated with arterial stiffness. More and more evidence suggests that vascular etiologies, including aortic stiffness, impedance match, and microvascular damage, are associated with cognitive impairment and the pathogenesis of dementia. The measurement of arterial flow and pressure can help understand pulsatile hemodynamics and its impact on vital organs. Interventions that reduce aortic stiffness, such as improvement of the living environment, management of risk factors, and innovation and development of novel drugs, may reduce the risk for dementia.

Keywords: Arterial stiffness; Carotid artery; Cognitive dysfunction; Excessive pulsatile energy; Vascular hemodynamics.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
The conceptual process from impedance mismatch to cognitive impairment and neurological disease, mediated by aging and aortic stiffness.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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Grants and funding

Grants from the Ministry of Health and Welfare (MOHW104-TDU-B-211-113-003, MOHW106-TDU-B-211-113001), an intramural grant from National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University (E107F-M01-0501), and the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST 106-2314-B-075 -051 -MY3, MOST 109-2314-B-010-061 -). The funding sources are not involved in the manuscript preparation.
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