Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2024 Jan 31;24(3):930.
doi: 10.3390/s24030930.

Voltammetric Sensor Based on the Combination of Tin and Cerium Dioxide Nanoparticles with Surfactants for Quantification of Sunset Yellow FCF

Liliya Gimadutdinova  1 , Guzel Ziyatdinova  1 , Rustam Davletshin  2
Affiliations

Voltammetric Sensor Based on the Combination of Tin and Cerium Dioxide Nanoparticles with Surfactants for Quantification of Sunset Yellow FCF

Liliya Gimadutdinova et al. Sensors (Basel). .

Abstract

Sunset Yellow FCF (SY FCF) is one of the widely used synthetic azo dyes in the food industry whose content has to be controlled for safety reasons. Electrochemical sensors are a promising tool for this type of task. A voltammetric sensor based on a combination of tin and cerium dioxide nanoparticles (SnO2-CeO2 NPs) with surfactants has been developed for SY FCF determination. The synergetic effect of both types of NPs has been confirmed. Surfactants of various natures (sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), Brij® 35, and hexadecylpyridinium bromide (HDPB)) have been tested as dispersive media. The best effects, i.e., the highest oxidation currents of SY FCF, have been observed in the case of HDPB. The sensor demonstrates a 4.5-fold-higher electroactive surface area and a 38-fold-higher electron transfer rate compared to the bare glassy carbon electrode (GCE). The electrooxidation of SY FCF is an irreversible, two-electron, diffusion-driven process involving proton transfer. In differential pulse mode in Britton-Robinson buffer (BRB) pH 2.0, the sensor gives a linear response to SY FCF from 0.010 to 1.0 μM and from 1.0 to 100 μM with an 8.0 nM detection limit. The absence of an interferent effect from other typical food components and colorants has been shown. The sensor has been tested on soft drinks and validated with the standard chromatographic method.

Keywords: azo dyes; chemically modified electrodes; electrochemical sensors; food colorants; metal oxide nanoparticles; surfactants.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
SY FCF structure.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Cyclic voltammograms of 10 μM SY FCF at the bare GCE and GCE modified with water dispersions of MO2 NPs. Blank is BRB pH 2.0. υ = 0.10 V s−1.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Cyclic voltammograms of 10 μM SY FCF at the bare GCE and MO2-NPs-modified GCE in BRB pH 2.0. υ = 0.10 V s−1.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Field emission scanning electron microscopy images of the electrode surface: (a) bare GCE; (b) GCE/HDPB; (c) GCE/SnO2–CeO2 NPs; (d) GCE/SnO2–CeO2 NPs–HDPB. Magnification is 50,000×.
Figure 5
Figure 5
(a) Cyclic voltammograms of 1.0 mM hexacyanoferrate(II) ions at the various electrodes. Supporting electrolyte is 0.1 M KCl, υ = 0.10 V s−1. (b) Nyquist plot for the various electrodes. Redox probe is 1.0 mM hexacyanoferrate(II)/(III) ions; supporting electrolyte is 0.1 M KCl, E = 230 V; frequency range from 10,000 to 0.04 Hz; amplitude is 5 mV. (c) Randles equivalent circuits used for the impedance spectra fitting for the bare GCE (1) and modified electrodes (2). Rs—active electrolyte resistance; Ret—electron transfer resistance; Q—constant phase element; and W—Warburg impedance.
Figure 6
Figure 6
The changes of the voltammetric characteristics of 10 μM SY FCF at the GCE/SnO2–CeO2 NPs–HDPB in the BRB of various pH: (a) effect on the oxidation peak potential; (b) effect on the oxidation peak currents. Data obtained by cyclic voltammetry at υ = 0.10 V s−1.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Cyclic voltammograms of 50 μM SY FCF at the GCE/SnO2–CeO2 NPs–HDPB in BRB pH 2.0 at various potential scan rates.
Scheme 1
Scheme 1
Scheme of the SY FCF electrooxidation at the GCE/SnO2–CeO2 NPs–HDPB.
Figure 8
Figure 8
Baseline-corrected differential pulse voltammograms of SY FCF at the GCE/SnO2–CeO2 NPs–HDPB in BRB pH 2.0: (a) concentration range of 0.010–1.0 μM; (b) concentration range of 1.0–100 μM. Pulse amplitude is 100 mV, pulse time is 25 ms, potential scan rate is 0.010 V s−1.
Figure 9
Figure 9
Baseline-corrected differential pulse voltammograms of soft drinks at the GCE/SnO2–CeO2 NPs–HDPB in BRB pH 2.0: (a) sample 1 with SY FCF additions; (b) sample 2 with SY FCF additions; (c) sample 3 with SY FCF additions. Pulse amplitude is 100 mV, pulse time is 25 ms, potential scan rate is 0.010 V s−1.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Similar articles

See all similar articles

References

    1. Subburaj M., Faseela P.M. Synthetic Food Colours. Scholars’ Press; London, UK: 2016. 80p
    1. Chung K.T. Azo dyes and human health. J. Environ. Sci. Health Part C. 2016;34:233–261. doi: 10.1080/10590501.2016.1236602. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Matsyura O., Besh L., Besh O., Troyanovska O., Slyuzar Z. Hypersensitivity reactions to food additives in pediatric practice: Two clinical cases. Georgian Med. News. 2020;307:91–95. - PubMed
    1. Rovina K., Prabakaran P.P., Siddiquee S., Shaarani S.M. Methods for the analysis of Sunset Yellow FCF (E110) in food and beverage products—A review. TrAC Trends Anal. Chem. 2016;85:47–56. doi: 10.1016/j.trac.2016.05.009. - DOI
    1. EFSA Reconsideration of the temporary ADI and refined exposure assessment for Sunset Yellow FCF (E 110) EFSA J. 2014;12:3765. doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3765. - DOI

Grants and funding

This research received no external funding.

LinkOut - more resources

  NODES
twitter 2