Source tracking of fecal contamination in Asian green mussels (Perna viridis) harvested in Manila Bay, Philippines by molecular detection and genotyping of Cryptosporidium spp
- PMID: 38440756
- PMCID: PMC10908986
- DOI: 10.1007/s12639-023-01634-2
Source tracking of fecal contamination in Asian green mussels (Perna viridis) harvested in Manila Bay, Philippines by molecular detection and genotyping of Cryptosporidium spp
Abstract
Manila Bay, a multipurpose body of water located around Metro Manila, Philippines, is progressively deteriorating because of massive pollution. Reports have shown that the bay and its aquatic resources (i.e., seafood) are contaminated with fecal matter and enteric pathogens, posing a threat to public health and industry. This problem raises the need for a microbial source tracking methodology as a part of the rehabilitation efforts in the bay. Bivalve mollusks cultivated in water can serve as sentinel species to detect fecal pollution and can complement water monitoring. With the use of polymerase chain reaction and DNA sequence analysis, this study detected Cryptosporidium spp. in Asian green mussels (Perna viridis) cultivated and harvested in Manila Bay and sold in Bulungan Seafood Market, Parañaque, Philippines, from 2019 to 2021 with an overall occurrence of 8.77% (n = 57). The analysis of the 18S rDNA segment revealed three genotypes from Cryptosporidium-positive samples, namely, Cryptosporidium sp. rat genotype IV (60%), C. galli (20%), and C. meleagridis (20%). These findings suggest fecal pollution in bivalve cultivation sites coming from sewage, nonpoint, and agricultural sources. The presence of C. meleagridis, the third most common cause of human cryptosporidiosis, in mussels poses a threat to human health. Thus, there is a need to establish routine detection and source tracking of Cryptosporidium spp. in Manila Bay and to educate seafood consumers on food safety.
Keywords: Cryptosporidium; Manila Bay; Microbial source tracking; Perna viridis; Philippines.
© Indian Society for Parasitology 2023. Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
Conflict of interest statement
Conflict of interestThe authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.
Similar articles
-
Cryptosporidium species from common edible bivalves in Manila Bay, Philippines.Mar Pollut Bull. 2017 Jun 15;119(1):31-39. doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.03.005. Epub 2017 Mar 18. Mar Pollut Bull. 2017. PMID: 28325609
-
Trace metal content in mussels, Perna viridis L., obtained from selected seafood markets in a Metropolitan City.Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 2010 Apr;84(4):492-6. doi: 10.1007/s00128-010-9955-6. Epub 2010 Mar 12. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 2010. PMID: 20224974
-
Molecular surveillance of Cryptosporidium spp. for microbial source tracking of fecal contamination in Laguna Lake, Philippines.J Water Health. 2021 Jun;19(3):534-544. doi: 10.2166/wh.2021.059. J Water Health. 2021. PMID: 34152304
-
Shellfish and residual chemical contaminants: hazards, monitoring, and health risk assessment along French coasts.Rev Environ Contam Toxicol. 2011;213:55-111. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4419-9860-6_3. Rev Environ Contam Toxicol. 2011. PMID: 21541848 Review.
-
Occurrence of heavy metals and their removal in Perna viridis mussels using chemical methods: a review.Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2022 Jan;29(4):4803-4821. doi: 10.1007/s11356-021-17343-3. Epub 2021 Nov 13. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2022. PMID: 34775561 Review.
References
-
- Aguirre J, Greenwood SJ, McClure JT, Davidson J, Sanchez J. Effects of rain events on Cryptosporidium spp. levels in commercial shellfish zones in the Hillsborough River, Prince Edward Island. Canada Food Waterborne Parasitol. 2016;5:7–13. doi: 10.1016/j.fawpar.2016.08.003. - DOI
-
- Baylon CB (n.d.) Culture of bivalve molluscs. FAO. https://www.fao.org/3/AB737E/AB737E02.htm. Accessed 09 June 2022
-
- Beser J, Hallström BM, Advani A, Andersson S, Östlund G, Winiecka-Krusnell J, Lebbad M, Alm E, Troell K, Arrighi RBG. Improving the genotyping resolution of Cryptosporidium hominis subtype IbA10G2 using one step PCR-based amplicon sequencing. Infect Genet Evol. 2017;55:297–304. doi: 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.08.035. - DOI - PubMed
LinkOut - more resources
Miscellaneous