Afurika
Afurika ni umugabane wa kabiri ku isi nini kandi wa kabiri utuwe cyane, nyuma ya Aziya mubice byombi. Kuri kilometero zigera kuri 30.3 km2 (kilometero kare miliyoni 11.7) harimo ibirwa byegeranye, bifite 20% byubutaka bwisi na 6% byubuso bwose. Hafi ya miliyari 1.4 kugeza mu 2021, bingana na 18% by'abatuye isi. Abatuye Afurika ni bato mu migabane yose; imyaka yo hagati muri 2012 yari 19.7, mugihe isi yo hagati yisi yari 30.4. Nubwo umutungo kamere utandukanye, Afurika nu mugabane ukize cyane ku mugabane wa buri muntu kandi uwa kabiri ukize cyane ku butunzi bwose, inyuma ya Oseyaniya. Intiti zabyitiriye ibintu bitandukanye birimo geografiya, ikirere, amoko, ubukoloni, Intambara y'ubutita, neocolonialism, kubura demokarasi, na ruswa. Nubwo ubwo butunzi bwibanze cyane, kwagura ubukungu vuba hamwe n’abaturage benshi n’urubyiruko bituma Afurika iba isoko ry’ubukungu ku isi hose.
Umugabane uzengurutswe n'Inyanja ya Mediterane mu majyaruguru, Isthmus ya Suez n'Inyanja Itukura mu majyaruguru y'uburasirazuba, inyanja y'Ubuhinde mu majyepfo y'iburasirazuba n'inyanja ya Atalantika iburengerazuba. Umugabane urimo Madagasikari n'ibirwa bitandukanye. Irimo ibihugu 54 byigenga byemewe, intara umunani n’ibihugu bibiri byigenga bifite aho bigarukira cyangwa bitamenyekana. Alijeriya nicyo gihugu kinini muri Afurika ku karere, na Nijeriya nicyo kinini mu baturage. Ibihugu by'Afurika bifatanya binyuze mu ishyirwaho ry’umuryango w’ubumwe bw’Afurika, rifite icyicaro i Addis Abeba..
Afurika ikurikirana ekwateri na meridian yibanze. Numugabane wonyine urambuye uva mu majyaruguru yubushyuhe ugana mu majyepfo yubushyuhe. Igice kinini cyumugabane n’ibihugu byacyo biri mu gice cy’amajyaruguru, gifite igice kinini n’umubare w’ibihugu byo mu majyepfo y’isi. Igice kinini cy'umugabane kiri mu turere dushyuha, usibye igice kinini cya Sahara y'Uburengerazuba, Alijeriya, Libiya na Misiri, mu majyaruguru ya Mauritania, n'uturere twose twa Maroc, Ceuta, Melilla, na Tuniziya na byo bikaba biri hejuru ya tropic ya Kanseri, mu majyaruguru yubushyuhe. Mu bundi buryo bukabije bw’umugabane, amajyepfo ya Namibiya, Botswana y’amajyepfo, uduce twinshi twa Afurika yepfo, intara zose za Lesotho na Eswatini hamwe n’amajyepfo ya Mozambike na Madagasikari biherereye munsi y’ubushyuhe bwa Capricorn, mu majyepfo y’ubushyuhe.
Afurika ni ibinyabuzima bitandukanye; ni umugabane ufite umubare munini w’amoko ya megafauna, kubera ko utagize ingaruka cyane ku kuzimangana kwa megafauna ya Pleistocene. Icyakora, Afurika nayo yibasiwe cyane n’ibibazo byinshi by’ibidukikije, birimo ubutayu, gutema amashyamba, ibura ry’amazi n’umwanda. Izi mpungenge zishingiye ku bidukikije ziteganijwe kwiyongera kubera ko imihindagurikire y’ikirere igira ingaruka muri Afurika. Itsinda ry’umuryango w’abibumbye ryita ku mihindagurikire y’ibihe ryagaragaje ko Afurika ari umugabane wibasiwe n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere [1]
Amateka ya Afrika ni maremare, aragoye, kandi yakunze gushimwa n’umuryango w’amateka ku isi. Afurika, cyane cyane Afurika y'Iburasirazuba, yemerwa cyane nk'ahantu abantu bakomoka ndetse no mu bwoko bwa Hominidae (inguge nini). Hominide ya mbere na basekuruza babo yanditswe mu myaka igera kuri miliyoni 7 ishize, harimo Sahelanthropus tchadensis, Australopithecus africanus, A. afarensis, Homo erectus, H. habilis na H. ergaster - ibisigazwa bya Homo sapiens ya mbere (abantu ba none), biboneka muri Etiyopiya, Afurika y'Epfo, na Maroc, guhera mu myaka 233.000, 259.000, na 300.000 mu myaka yashize, kandi bivugwa ko Homo sapiens yakomotse muri Afurika mu myaka 350.000-226.000 ishize. Afurika nayo ifatwa naba antropropologiste ko ari umugabane utandukanye wa genetike bitewe no kuba utuwe cyane. [2] [3] [4]
Imico yabantu ya mbere, nka Egiputa ya kera na Carthage byagaragaye muri Afrika yepfo. Nyuma y’amateka maremare kandi akomeye y’umuco, kwimuka n’ubucuruzi, Afurika yakiriye amoko menshi, imico n’indimi. Mu myaka 400 ishize hagaragaye uruhare rw’iburayi ku mugabane wa Afurika. Guhera mu kinyejana cya 16, ibyo byatewe n'ubucuruzi, harimo n'ubucuruzi bw'abacakara ba Trans-Atlantike, bwateje abaturage benshi ba diaspora bo muri Afurika muri Amerika. Kuva mu mpera z'ikinyejana cya 19 kugeza mu ntangiriro z'ikinyejana cya 20, ibihugu by'i Burayi byakoronije hafi ya Afurika yose, bigera aho Etiyopiya na Liberiya byonyine byari abapolisi bigenga. Ibihugu byinshi biriho muri Afurika byavuye mu nzira ya decolonisation nyuma y’Intambara ya Kabiri y'Isi Yose.
Etymology
hindura
Afri yari izina ry'ikilatini ryakoreshwaga ryerekeza ku baturage bo muri Afurika y'amajyaruguru yari azwi mu burengerazuba bw'umugezi wa Nili, kandi mu buryo bwagutse ryerekeza ku bihugu byose byo mu majyepfo ya Mediterane (Libiya ya kera). Iri zina risa nkaho ryabanje kuvuga ubwoko bwa kavukire bwa Libiya, umukurambere wa Berber ya none; reba Terence yo kuganira. Iri zina ubusanzwe ryari rifitanye isano n'ijambo ry'Abanyafenisiya ʿafar risobanura "umukungugu", ariko hypothesis yo mu 1981 yemeje ko rikomoka ku ijambo rya Berber ifri (ifran nyinshi) risobanura "ubuvumo", ryerekeza ku batuye mu buvumo. Ijambo rimwe rishobora kuboneka mu izina rya Banu Ifran ukomoka muri Alijeriya na Tripolitania, umuryango wa Berber ukomoka muri Yafran (uzwi kandi ku izina rya Ifrane) mu majyaruguru y'uburengerazuba bwa Libiya, ndetse n'umujyi wa Ifrane muri Maroc.
Ku butegetsi bw'Abaroma, Carthage yabaye umurwa mukuru w'intara icyo gihe yise Africa Proconsularis, nyuma yo gutsindwa na Carthagine mu ntambara ya gatatu y'ibihano mu 146 MIC, yari irimo igice cyo ku nkombe za Libiya ya none. Umugereka w'ikilatini -ica urashobora rimwe na rimwe gukoreshwa mu kwerekana igihugu (urugero, muri Celtica kuva muri Celtae, nkuko byakoreshejwe na Julius Caesar). Agace k'abayisilamu nyuma ya Ifriqiya, nyuma yo kwigarurira ubwami bwa Byzantine (Uburasirazuba bw'Abaroma) Exarchatus Africae, nabwo bwarinze ubwoko bw'izina.
Nk’uko Abanyaroma babivuga, Afurika iri mu burengerazuba bwa Misiri, mu gihe "Aziya" yakoreshwaga yerekeza kuri Anatoliya n'ubutaka mu burasirazuba. Umurongo utomoye washyizweho hagati y’umugabane w’ibihugu byombi n’umuhanga mu bumenyi bw’isi witwa Ptolémée (85-165 GC), werekana Alegizandiriya hafi ya Meridiya ya mbere kandi bigatuma isthus ya Suez n’Inyanja Itukura umupaka uhuza Aziya na Afurika. Mugihe Abanyaburayi basobanukiwe n’urugero nyarwo rw’umugabane, igitekerezo cya "Afurika" cyagutse n'ubumenyi bwabo.
Ibindi bitekerezo bya etymologiya byashyizwe ku izina rya kera "Afurika"
- ↑ Niang, I., O.C. Ruppel, M.A. Abdrabo, A. Essel, C. Lennard, J. Padgham, and P. Urquhart, 2014: Africa.
- ↑ "The genetic diversity in Africa is greater than in any other region in the world". 19 July 2018. Archived from the original on 24 October 2021. Retrieved 24 October 2021.
- ↑ "New study confirms that Africans are the most genetically diverse people on Earth. And it claims to pinpoint our center of origin". Archived from the original on 24 October 2021. Retrieved 24 October 2021.
- ↑ "Africa is most genetically diverse continent, DNA study shows". 9 June 2009. Archived from the original on 24 October 2021. Retrieved 24 October 2021.