Shymkent
Shymkent (Kazakh: Шымкент / Şımkent), formerly kent as Chimkent (Roushie: Чимкент) till 1993, is the caipital ceety o Sooth Kazakhstan Province, the maist populatit region in Kazakhstan. It is the third maist populous ceety in Kazakhstan behind Almaty an Astana wi a population o 629,600 (2011-02-01).[1] A major railwey junction on the Turkestan-Siberie Railway, the ceety is an aa a notable cultural centre, wi an internaitional airport. It is situatit 690 km wast o Almaty an 120 km tae the north o Tashkent, Uzbekistan. 603,499 (2009 Census results);[2] 423,902 (1999 Census results).[2]
Shymkent Шымкент | |
|---|---|
 | |
  Shymkent Location in Kazakhstan | |
| Coordinates: 42°19′0″N 69°35′45″E / 42.31667°N 69.59583°E | |
| Kintra | Kazakhstan |
| Province | Sooth Kazakhstan Province |
| Foondit | 12t century |
| Govrenment | |
| • Akim (mayor) | Kayrat Moldaseyitov |
| Area | |
| • Total | 347 km2 (134 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 506 m (1660 ft) |
| Population (2011)Estimation[1] | |
| • Total | 637,800 |
| Time zone | UTC+6 (BTT) |
| Postal code | 160000 |
History
eeditShymkent wis foondit in the 12t century[3] as a caravanserai tae protect the Silk Road toun o Sayram, 10 km tae the east. Shymkent grew as a mercat center for trade atween Turkic nomads an the settled Sogdians. It wis destroyed several times: bi Genghis Khan, soldiers frae the soothren Khanates, an bi nomad attacks. Ance pairt o the Khanate o Kokand, it acame pairt o the Emirate o Bukhara in 1810 an wis then annexed bi the Roushie Empire in 1864. It wis renamed Chernyaev in 1914 an renamed Shymkent in 1924. Follaein the Roushie conquest, Shymkent wis a ceety o trade atween nomadic Turks an sedentary Turks, an wis famous for its kumis.[4]
Thare wis a gulag locatit near Shymkent, an mony Roushie-speakin fowk came tae the aurie via imprisonment.[5]
The name Shymkent comes frae twa wirds: shym meanin "turf, an kent meanin "ceety". Shymkent an Chimkent hae identical translations.
Efter Kazakhstan gained unthirldom, the ceety wis renamed Shymkent in 1993 as pairt o the govrenment’s campaign tae apply Kazakh names tae ceeties. The formal spellin o Шымкент (Shymkent) as codified in Kazakhstan's Constitution goes against the Roushie spellin rules o never havin the letter "ы" follae the letter "ш". As a result, the new name Шымкент (Shymkent) is uised anly in Kazakhstan, while Roushie an some ither kintras uisin Roushie leid continue tae uise the oreeginal spellin Чимкент (Chimkent).
Geografie
eeditClimate
eeditShymkent featurs a borderline continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dsa). Shymkent featurs het, relatively dry simmers an cauld winters. Houever, winters here are noticeably wairmer than in ceeties such as Almaty an Astana, wi the mean monthly temperatur durin the ceety’s cauldest month (Januar) averagin aroond -1 C. Shymkent averages juist unner 600 mm o precipitation annually.
| Climate data for Shymkent (1981-2010) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record heich °C (°F) | 22.2 (72.0) |
24.5 (76.1) |
30.7 (87.3) |
33.0 (91.4) |
37.8 (100.0) |
43.0 (109.4) |
44.3 (111.7) |
42.2 (108.0) |
39.2 (102.6) |
34.4 (93.9) |
30.5 (86.9) |
25.4 (77.7) |
44.3 (111.7) |
| Average heich °C (°F) | 4.1 (39.4) |
6.6 (43.9) |
12.9 (55.2) |
19.2 (66.6) |
25.1 (77.2) |
30.0 (86.0) |
32.7 (90.9) |
32.1 (89.8) |
27.2 (81.0) |
18.8 (65.8) |
12.0 (53.6) |
6.0 (42.8) |
18.9 (66.0) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −0.7 (30.7) |
1.6 (34.9) |
7.6 (45.7) |
13.6 (56.5) |
19.1 (66.4) |
23.7 (74.7) |
26.3 (79.3) |
25.3 (77.5) |
19.9 (67.8) |
12.3 (54.1) |
6.4 (43.5) |
0.9 (33.6) |
13.0 (55.4) |
| Average law °C (°F) | −4.8 (23.4) |
−2.7 (27.1) |
3.0 (37.4) |
8.3 (46.9) |
12.9 (55.2) |
16.7 (62.1) |
19.1 (66.4) |
17.9 (64.2) |
12.8 (55.0) |
6.6 (43.9) |
1.7 (35.1) |
−3.1 (26.4) |
7.4 (45.3) |
| Record law °C (°F) | −31.1 (−24.0) |
−28.9 (−20.0) |
−23.9 (−11.0) |
−5.0 (23.0) |
−2.8 (27.0) |
5.5 (41.9) |
7.8 (46.0) |
7.0 (44.6) |
−1.1 (30.0) |
−12.0 (10.4) |
−30.0 (−22.0) |
−26.1 (−15.0) |
−31.1 (−24.0) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 73 (2.9) |
70 (2.8) |
83 (3.3) |
69 (2.7) |
56 (2.2) |
16 (0.6) |
12 (0.5) |
4 (0.2) |
10 (0.4) |
41 (1.6) |
67 (2.6) |
75 (3.0) |
576 (22.8) |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 75 | 73 | 67 | 63 | 56 | 44 | 39 | 34 | 39 | 55 | 69 | 75 | 57 |
| Source: [6] | |||||||||||||
Sister ceeties
eedit| Ceety | Kintra | Year |
|---|---|---|
| Stevenage |  Unitit Kinrick
|
|
| İzmir |  Turkey
|
|
| Adana | Turkey
|
|
| Mogilev |  Belaroushie
|
|
| Grosseto |  Italy
|
|
| Pattaya |  Thailand
|
|
| Khujand |  Tajikistan
|
References
eedit- ↑ a b Estimation 2011-11-21 Archived 2012-02-05 at the Wayback Machine (in rus.)
- ↑ a b "Население Республики Казахстан" (in Roushien). Департамент социальной и демографической статистики. Retrieved 8 December 2013.
- ↑ Peoples of central Asia. By Lawrence Krader. Published by Indiana University, 1971
- ↑ Through Russian central Asia. By Stephen Graham. Published by The Macmillan Company, 1916
- ↑ The Gulag Archipelago, 1918-1956: an experiment in literary investigation. By Aleksandr I. Solzhenitsyn, H. T. Willetts, Thomas P. Whitney. Published by Westview Press, 1997
- ↑ "Погода и Климат". Pogoda.ru.net.
Freemit airtins
eedit| Wikimedia Commons haes media relatit tae Shymkent. |
- shymkent.com Archived 2003-07-26 at the Wayback Machine
- shymkent.ru[deid airtin]
- shymkentonline.com Archived 2008-05-30 at the Wayback Machine
- chimkent.kz
- shymkent.kz