Suharto
Suharto (Javanese: ꦯꦸꦲꦂꦠ;[2] Gêdrìk: Suhartå; O-Javanese: Suharta; 
pronunciation (help·info); 8 Juin 1921 – 27 Januar 2008) wis the seicont Preses o Indonesie, hauldin the office for 31 years frae the oostin o Sukarno in 1967 till his resignation in 1998.
Suharto | |
|---|---|
ꦯꦸꦲꦂꦠ | |
 Suharto in 1993 | |
| 2nt Preses o Indonesie | |
| In office 12 Mairch 1967 – 21 Mey 1998 Actin tae 27 Mairch 1968 | |
| Vice Preses | Hamengkubuwono IX Adam Malik Umar Wirahadikusumah Sudharmono Try Sutrisno B. J. Habibie |
| Precedit bi | Sukarno |
| Succeedit bi | B. J. Habibie |
| 16t Secretar General o Non-Aligned Movement | |
| In office 7 September 1992 – 20 October 1995 | |
| Precedit bi | Dobrica Ćosić |
| Succeedit bi | Ernesto Samper Pizano |
| 4th Indonesian Armed Forces Commander | |
| In office 1969–1973 | |
| Precedit bi | Abdul Haris Nasution |
| Succeedit bi | Maraden Panggabean |
| 8t Indonesian Aormy Chief o Staff | |
| In office 1965–1967 | |
| Precedit bi | Pranoto Reksosamudra |
| Succeedit bi | Maraden Panggabean |
| 14t Meenister o Defense an Security o Indonesie | |
| In office Mairch 1966 – September 1971 | |
| Preses | Sukarno Suharto |
| Precedit bi | M. Sarbini |
| Succeedit bi | Maraden Panggabean |
| 1st Airmed Force an Strategic Reserve (KOSTRAD) Commander | |
| In office 1961–1965 | |
| Precedit bi | Poseetion creatit |
| Succeedit bi | Umar Wirahadikusumah |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 8 Juin 1921 Kemusuk, Dutch East Indies |
| Dee'd | 27 Januar 2008 (aged 86) Jakarta, Indonesie |
| Naitionality | Indonesian |
| Poleetical pairty | Golkar |
| Spoose(s) | Siti Hartinah (m. 1947–1996; her daith) |
| Bairns | Siti Hardiyanti Rukmana[1] Sigit Harjojudanto Bambang Trihatmodjo Titiek Suharto Tommy Suharto Siti Hutami Endang Adiningsih |
| Religion | Islam |
| Signatur |  |
| Militar service | |
| Allegiance | Indonesian Naitional Airmed Forces |
| Service/brainch |  Indonesian Airmy |
| Rank |  TNI General o the Airmy |
Suharto wis born in a smaw veelage, Kemusuk, in the Godean aurie near the ceety o Yogyakarta, in the Dutch colonial era.[3] He grew up in hummle circumstances.[4] His Javanese Muslim paurents divorced nae lang efter his birth, an he leeved wi foster paurents for muckle o his bairnheid. In the Japanese occupation o Indonesie, Suharto served in Japanese-organised Indonesie siccarity forces. Indonesie's unthirldom struggle saw his jynin the newly formed Indonesie airmy. Suharto rose tae the rank o major general follaein Indonesie unthirldom. An attemptit coup on 30 September 1965 allegedly backed bi the Indonesie Communist Pairty wis coontered bi Suharto-led truips.[5] The airmy subsequently led an anti-communist purge that the CIA descrived as "ane o the worst mass murthers o the 20t century"[6] an Suharto wrestit pouer frae Indonesie's foondin preses, Sukarno. He wis appyntit acting president in 1967, replacin Sukarno, an electit Preses the follaein year. He then muntit a social campaign kent as De-Soekarnoisation in an effort tae reduce the umwhile Preses' influence. Support for Suharto's presidency wis strang ootthrou the 1970s an 1980s. Bi the 1990s, the New Order's authoritarianism an widespreid corruption[7] war a soorce o discontent an, follaein a severe financial creesis, led tae widespreid unrest an his resignation in Mey 1998. Suharto dee'd in 2008 an wis gien a state funeral.
The legacy o Suharto's 31-year rule is debated baith in Indonesie an abraid. Unner his "New Order" admeenistration, Suharto constructit a strang, centralised an militar-dominatit gorvenment. An abeelity tae mainteen stabeelity ower a sprawlin an diverse Indonesie an an avowedly anti-Communist stance wan him the economic an diplomatic support o the Wast in the Cauld War. For maist o his presidency, Indonesie experienced signeeficant economic growthe an industrialisation,[8] dramatically improvin heal, eddication an leevin staundarts.[9]
Plans tae awaird Naitional Hero status tae Suharto are bein conseedert bi the Indonesie govrenment an hae been debatit vigorously in Indonesie.[10] Accordin tae Transparency Internaitional, Suharto is the maist corrupt leader in modren history, haein embezzled an alleged $15–35 billion in his rule.[11]
References
eedit- ↑ Berger, Marilyn (28 Januar 2008). "Suharto Dies at 86; Indonesian Dictator Brought Order and Bloodshed". The New York Times. Retrieved 30 Januar 2008.
- ↑ Kamus Pepak Basa Jawa, Sudaryanto/Pranowo, 2001, #1359
- ↑ Soeharto, as related to G. Dwipayana and Ramadhan K.H. (1989). Soeharto: Pikiran, ucapan dan tindakan saya: otobiografi [Soeharto: My thoughts, words and deeds: an autobiography]. Jakarta: PT Citra Lamtoro Gung Persada. ISBN 979-8085-01-9.CS1 maint: uises authors parameter (link)
- ↑ See the details in Chapter 2, 'Akar saya dari desa' (My village roots), in Soeharto, op. cit.
- ↑ Friend (2003), pages 107–109; Chris Hilton (writer and director) (2001). Shadowplay (Television documentary). Vagabond Films and Hilton Cordell Productions.; Ricklefs (1991), pages 280–283, 284, 287–290
- ↑ Mark Aarons (2007). "Justice Betrayed: Post-1945 Responses to Genocide." In David A. Blumenthal and Timothy L. H. McCormack (eds). The Legacy of Nuremberg: Civilising Influence or Institutionalised Vengeance? (International Humanitarian Law). Archived 2016-01-05 at the Wayback Machine Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. ISBN 9004156917 p. 81.
- ↑ estimates o govrenment funds misappropriatit bi the Suharto faimily range frae US$1.5 billion an US,5 billion.(Ignatius, Adi (11 September 2007). "Mulls Indonesia Court Ruling". Time. Archived frae the original on 22 Mairch 2009. Retrieved 9 August 2009.); Haskin, Colin, "Suharto dead at 86"[deid airtin], The Globe and Mail, 27 Januar 2008
- ↑ Miguel, Edward; Paul Gertler; David I. Levine (Januar 2005). "Does Social Capital Promote Industrialization? Evidence from a Rapid Industrializer". Econometrics Software Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley.
- ↑ McDonald, Hamish (28 Januar 2008). "No End to Ambition". Sydney Morning Herald.
- ↑ "Pro Kontra Soeharto Pahlawan Nasional". Trias Politica. 26 Mey 2016. Archived frae the original on 23 September 2016. Retrieved 28 Julie 2016. Unknown parameter
|dead-url=ignored (help) "Archived copy". Archived frae the original on 23 September 2016. Retrieved 11 September 2018.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ↑ "Suharto tops corruption rankings". BBC News. 25 Mairch 2004. Retrieved 4 Februar 2006.