Mexican Drog War
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The Mexican Drog War (kent as the Mexican War on Drogs an aw; Spaingie: guerra contra el narcotráfico en México)[24] is an ongoing asymmetric[25][26] low-intensity conflict atween the Mexican govrenment and various drug trafficking syndicates. In 2006, whan the Mexican militar began intervenin, the govrenment's principal goal was tae reduce drug-related violence.[27] The Mexican govrenment haes assertit that their primary focus is on dismantlin the pouerfu drog cairtels, raither than on preventin drug trafficking an demand, whilk is left tae U.S. functionaries.[28][29]
Mexican Drog War | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pairt o the War on Drogs | |||||||||
| |||||||||
Belligerents | |||||||||
Consulting and training support bi: |
Cairtels:
Supportit bi: |
Cairtels: Supportit by: | |||||||
Commanders an leaders | |||||||||
Andres Manuel Lopez Obrador (2018–present) Enrique Peña Nieto (2012–18) Felipe Calderón (2006–12) Guillermo Galván Galván (2006–12) Salvador Cienfuegos Zepeda (2012–18) Mariano Francisco Saynez Mendoza (2006–12) Vidal Francisco Soberón Sanz (2012–18) José Rafael Ojeda Durán (2018–present) |
Cairtels: Ismael Zambada García (Fugitive) Joaquín Guzmán Loera (Arrestit)[12] Juan José Esparragoza Moreno (Fugitive) Rafael Caro Quintero (Fugitive) Gonzalo Inzunza Inzunza † Homero Cárdenas Guillén (possibly deid) Ignacio Coronel Villarreal † Antonio Cárdenas Guillén † Jorge Eduardo Costilla Sánchez (Arrestit) Nazario Moreno González † |
Cairtels: Omar Treviño Morales (Arrestit) Heriberto Lazcano Lazcano † Miguel Treviño Morales (Arrestit) Arturo Beltrán Leyva † Héctor Beltrán Leyva (Arrested) Vicente Carrillo Fuentes (Arrestit) |
Cairtels: Nemesio Oseguera Cervantes (Fugitive) Érick Valencia Salazar (Fugitive) Martín Arzola Ortega (Arrestit) Luis Fernando Sánchez Arellano (Arrestit) | ||||||
Strenth | |||||||||
Cairtels: 100,000+ individuals[15][16][17] | |||||||||
Casualties an losses | |||||||||
Mexico: 395 servicemen killt and 137 missing,[18] 4,020 Federal, State, an Municeepal Polis killed[19] |
Cairtels: 12,456 cairtel members killed[20] 121,199 cairtel members detained[21] 8,500 cairtel members convictit[22] | ||||||||
Total casualties: 115,000 daiths frae organised crime homicides 2007 – 2018[23] |
Awtho Mexican drog trafficking organisations hae existit for seiveral decade, thair influence increased[30][31] efter the demise of the Colombie Cali and Medellín cartels in the 1990s. Mexican drug cartels nou dominates the wholesale illicit drog market an in 2007 controlliy 90% of the cocaine enterin the United States.[32][33] Arrests of key cairtel leaders, particularly in the Tijuana an Gulf cairtels, hae led tae increasing drog violence as cairtels fight for control of the trafficking routes intae the Unitit States.[34][35][36]
Federal law enforcement haes been reorganised at least five times syne 1982 in various attempts tae control corruption and reduce cartel violence. Durin that same period, thare haes been at least fower elite special forces creatit as new corruption-free sodgers wha coud dae battle wi Mexico's endemic bribery seestem.[37] Analysts estimate that wholesale earnins frae illicit drog sales range fraw $13.6 tae $49.4 billion annually.[32][38][39] The U.S. Congress passed legislation in late Juin 2008 tae provide Mexico with US$1.6 billion for the Mérida Initiative as well as technical advice tae strengthen the naitional juistice seestems. By the end of Felipe Calderón's admeenistration (December 1, 2006 – November 30, 2012), the offeecial daith toll o the Mexican Drog War wis at least 60,000.[40] Estimates set the daith toll abuin 120,000 killt by 2013, nae including 27,000 missing.[41][42] Syne takkin office, Andrés Manuel López Obrador declarit that the war wis ower; housomeiver, his comment wis met with criticism as homicide rates conteenad in heich nummers.
References
eedit- ↑ "Policías comunitarios retiran bloqueo carretero en Guerrero tras 23 horas". Mexico.cnn.com. 28 August 2013. Archived frae the original on 12 November 2013. Unknown parameter
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ignored (help) - ↑ "Archived copy". Archived frae the original on 3 Juin 2013. Retrieved 22 Januar 2013. Unknown parameter
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ignored (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ↑ a b c d e f g "Database – Uppsala Conflict Data Program (UCDP)". 3 Juin 2013. Archived frae the original on 3 Juin 2013. Unknown parameter
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ignored (help) - ↑ "El narco en México recurre a violencia sin precedentes: ONU". EL INFORMADOR. Archived frae the original on 18 December 2020. Retrieved 23 Apryle 2016.
- ↑ Los Zetas and MS-13 team up in Central America. Borderland Beat. Retrieved on 2014-03-08.
- ↑ Proceso Magazine (in spanish) Archived 2016-01-18 at the Wayback Machine («‘Los Zetas’ reclutan y entrenan a pandilleros de la Mara Salvatrucha»)
- ↑ Tijuana Cairtel Allies an Enemies
- ↑ "These maps show how Mexican cartels dominate the U.S. drug market". Businessinsider.com.
- ↑ "Here are the powerful Mexican drug cartels that operate in the U.S." Businessinsider.com.
- ↑ "El Salvador Fears Ties Between Cartels, Gangs". Npr.org.
- ↑ "Mexican drug cartels reach into tiny Belize". The Washington Post.
- ↑ "'El Chapo' recaptured after jail break". BBC News. 9 Januar 2016. Retrieved 23 Apryle 2016.
- ↑ "Four Gunmen Die in Clash with Mexican Troops". Latin American Herald Tribune. 4 Mairch 2010. Archived frae the original on 13 Julie 2011. Retrieved 5 Mairch 2010.
- ↑ Romo, Rafael (9 Februar 2011). "Mexico sees hope among drug violence". CNN. Archived frae the original on 14 Apryle 2020. Retrieved 9 Februar 2011.
- ↑ Washington, The (3 Mairch 2009). "EXCLUSIVE: 100,000 foot soldiers in Mexican cartels". The Washington Times. Retrieved 29 Juin 2013.
- ↑ "Mexico Federal Troops and police rush into Juarez to try and retake the city". Americanchronicle.com. Archived frae the original on 27 Mey 2012. Retrieved 29 Juin 2013. Unknown parameter
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ignored (help) - ↑ "U.S. Says Threat of Mexican Drug Cartels Approaching 'Crisis Proportions'". Foxnews.com. 3 Mairch 2009. Archived frae the original on 18 Mey 2013. Retrieved 29 Juin 2013. Unknown parameter
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ignored (help) - ↑ Muedano, Marcos (23 November 2012). "El sexenio deja 395 militares muertos y 137 desaparecidos". El Universal. Archived frae the original on 1 Januar 2014. Retrieved 31 December 2013.
- ↑ "W.M. Consulting: Knowledge is Security". Police Reform. 2012. Archived frae the original on 12 Apryle 2016. Retrieved 31 December 2013.
- ↑ "México cuenta más muertos por la "violencia extrema"" (in Spanish). BBC Mundo. 12 Januar 2011. Retrieved 1 Januar 2014.CS1 maint: unrecognised leid (link)
- ↑ "Oficial: más de 22 mil 700 muertos por violencia". El Universal (in Spanish). 13 Apryle 2010. Archived frae the original on 3 Januar 2015. Retrieved 14 Apryle 2010.CS1 maint: unrecognised leid (link)
- ↑ Ruiz, José Luis (10 Januar 2011). "Guerra al narco asfixia penales". El Universal (in Spanish). Archived frae the original on 2 Januar 2014. Retrieved 10 Januar 2011.CS1 maint: unrecognised leid (link)
- ↑ *80,000 during 2007–2016: "Organized Crime-related Homicides 2007–2016 (by Milenio)". justiceinmexico.org.
- 12,500 during 2017 and 22,500 during 2018 (by Milenio): Laura Y. Calderón, Kimberly Heinle, Octavio Rodríguez Ferreira, and David A. Shirk. "Organized Crime and Violence in Mexico, Analysis Through 2018" (PDF). Justice in Mexico, Department of Political Science & International Relations, University of San Diego.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors leet (link) April 2019
- ↑ 'Mexico's war on drugs is one big lie' | The Observer
- ↑ Geoffrey Ramsey (11 August 2011). "U.S. Special Forces Trained Mexican Troops in Colorado". insightcrime.org. Retrieved 25 Juin 2015.
- ↑ Lehmuth, Erica L.; Etter, Gregg W. (15 November 2011). "The Mexican Drug Wars: Organized Crime, Narco-Terrorism, Insurgency or Asymmetric Warfare?". Allacademic.com. Archived frae the original on 26 Juin 2015. Retrieved 25 Juin 2015.
- ↑ "ANUNCIO SOBRE LA OPERACIÓN CONJUNTA MICHOACÁN". Presidencia de la Republica, Mexico. 11 December 2006.
- ↑ "Poiré defiende estrategia del Gobierno Federal en lucha antinarco; entrevista AlJazeera". Al Jazeera. 18 August 2011.
- ↑ "Sugiere Sarukhán que Calderón no busca reducir tráfico de drogas". SDP Noticias. 17 Mey 2011. Archived frae the original on 20 October 2014. Unknown parameter
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ignored (help) - ↑ Beittel, June S. (22 Julie 2015). "Mexico: Organized Crime and Drug Trafficking Organizations" (PDF). Congressional Research Service. Retrieved 10 Mey 2016.
- ↑ "Mexico's Drug War". Council on Foreign Relations. Archived frae the original on 26 Juin 2015. Retrieved 25 Juin 2015.
- ↑ a b Cook, Colleen W. (16 October 2007). Mexico's Drug Cartels (PDF). CRS Report for Congress. Congressional Research Service. p. 7. Retrieved 10 Mey 2016.
- ↑ Vulliamy, Ed. Amexica: War Along the Borderline. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2010.
- ↑ Carl, Traci (3 November 2009). "Progress in Mexico drug war is drenched in blood". INSI. Associated Press. Archived frae the original on 2 Februar 2014. Retrieved 16 Mairch 2010.
- ↑ "High U.S. cocaine cost shows drug war working: Mexico". Reuters. 14 September 2007. Retrieved 1 Apryle 2009.
- ↑ Seelke, Clare Ribando (29 Januar 2013). Mexico and the 112th Congress (PDF). Congressional Research Service. pp. 2, 13, 14. Retrieved 10 Mey 2016.
- ↑ Longmire, Sylvia. Cartel: The Coming Invasion Of Mexico’s Drug Wars. 2011. ‘Revamping Mexico’s Police Forces’ p. 120. Palgrave Macmillan ISBN 978-0-230-11137-0
- ↑ Fantz, Ashley (20 Januar 2012). "The Mexico drug war: Bodies for billions". CNN News. Retrieved 5 Mairch 2012.
- ↑ "Mexican drug gangs 'spread to every region of US'". BBC News. 26 Mairch 2010. Retrieved 23 Apryle 2010.
- ↑ Miroff, Nick; Booth, William (26 November 2011). "Mexico's drug war is at a stalemate as Calderon's presidency ends". The Washington Post. Archived frae the original on 27 November 2012. Retrieved 1 December 2012. Unknown parameter
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ignored (help) - ↑ Booth, William (30 November 2012). "Mexico's crime wave has left about 25,000 missing, government documents show". The Washington Post. Archived frae the original on 30 November 2012. Retrieved 1 December 2012. Unknown parameter
|deadurl=
ignored (help) - ↑ Counting Mexico's drug victims is a murky business Archived 2016-05-28 at the Wayback Machine, National Catholic Reporter, by Claire Schaeffer-Duffy, March 1, 2014
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Further reading
eedit- Atuesta, L. H., Siordia, O. S., & Lajous, A. M. (2018). "The "War on Drugs" in Mexico: (Official) Database of Events between December 2006 and November 2011." Journal of Conflict Resolution.
- Vulliamy, Ed, Amexica: War Along the Borderline, Bodley Head, 2010. ISBN 978-1-84792-128-4
- Grillo, Ioan (2012). El Narco: The Bloody Rise of Mexican Drug Cartels (2nd ed.). Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4088-2433-7.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Gutierrez Aire, Jose, "Blood, Death, Drugs & Sex in Old Mexico," CreateSpace, 2012. ISBN 978-1-4775-9227-4
- The Last Narco, book about the current phase of the drug war by journalist Malcolm Beith.
- Hernández, Anabel, Narcoland: The Mexican Drug Lords And Their Godfathers, Verso, 2013. ISBN 978-1781680735
Freemit airtins
eeditWikimedia Commons haes media relatit tae Mexican Drog War. |
- Map of Mexican Drug War violence
- Bowers, Charles (2009). "The Mexican Kidnapping Industry". Archived frae the original on 23 Februar 2015. Retrieved 16 August 2019. Cite journal requires
|journal=
(help) An academic paper examining both the emergence of kidnapping as a drug war spillover, and statewide variance in Mexico's kidnapping statutes. - The Mexican Zetas and Other Private Armies – written by the Strategic Studies Institute.
- Mexico page on InSight Crime. Ongoing reporting on Mexico's drug war and involved cartels.
- "Full Coverage Mexico Under Siege". Los Angeles Times. Archived frae the original on 6 Apryle 2014. Retrieved 12 September 2016.
- The Atlantic: Mexico's Drug War
- George Grayson, "Mexico's Elite Must Commit to Fighting Drug Cartels", Foreign Policy Association Headline Series.
- Juarez, City of Death, City of Hope
- Cocaine Incorporated June 15, 2012