Pseudohistorija

Pseudohistorija je naziv za vrstu istorijskog revizionizma koja često iznosi senzacionalističke stavove i zahteve čije bi ispunjavanje podrazumevalo reviziju i ponovno pisanje značajnog dela većinski prihvaćene istorije, a bazira se na metodologiji koja se značajno razlikuje od standardnih istoriografskih metoda.

Definicija

Pseudoistorija se može uporediti sa pseudonaukom po tome što obe dele metodologiju, verovanja i prakse za koje se tvrde da su naučne, ali ne prate odgovarajuće naučne i istorijske metodologije i nedostaju im dokazi ili su oni neubedljivi.

Prema piscima Majklu Šermeru i Aleksu Grobmanu, pseudoistiroja je „ponovno pisanje prošlosti za sadašnje lične ili političke svrhe“.^[1]

Filozof Robert Tod Karol je predložio sledeće kriterijume za neku temu koji bi je označili pseudostorijom:

rad nekritički prihvata mitove i anegdotske dokaze bez skepticizma
rad ima političku, versku ili drugu ideološku agendu
rad nije objavljen u akademskim krugovima i nije adekvatno recenziran.
dokazi za ključne činjenice su selektivni i slave ili ignorišu protivrečne tvrdnje
rad pretpostavlja da je mogućost da je nešto istina dovoljno da to bude istina
rad se oslanja na jednu ili više teorija zavere onda kada bi princip Okamove oštrice preporučio prostije i verovatnije objašnjenje neke činjenice.^[2]

Primeri

katastrofizam
- knjiga Imanuela Velikovskog „Svetovi u sudaru“^[3]
alternativne hronologije
- teorija Anatolija Fomenka Nova hronologija^[4]
psihoistorija - pokušaj da se psihologija spoji sa istorijom, čime bi se odbacio istorijski metod
prekolumbovska prekookeanska putovanja (u ovo ne spada vikinška kolonizacija Amerike)
- knjiga Gevina Menzisa „1421: Godina kada je Kina otkrila Ameriku“^[5]
religijska istorija
- naučna predviđanja u svetim tekstovima
- Sionski priorat: radovi kao što su „Sveta krvi, sveti gral“, koji pretpostavljaju da se Isus Hrist mogao oženiti Marijom Magdalenom, koja se kasnije preselila u današnju Francusku i rodila prvog u liniji merovinške loze.^[6]
- radovi Dejvida Bartona i drugih koji zagovaraju da su Sjedinjene Američke Države osnovane isključivo kao hrišćanska nacija.^[7]^[8]^[9]^[10]
- potrage za Nojevom barkom^[11]
etnocentrične pseudoistorije
- većina afrocentrističkih ideja (prekolumbovski kontakti Afrike i Amerike, Crni Egipat) su ocenjene kao pseudoistorijske^[12]^[13]
- teorije o autohtonim Arijevcima koje su trebale da osnaže hinduški nacionalizam^[14]
- kriptoistorije o germanskom misticizmu i nacističkom okultizmu^[15]
- britanski izraelizam
- radovi inspirisani antisemitizmom
  - „Protokol sionskih mudraca“, falsifikovani rad čija je svrha bila da pokaže postojanje jevrejske zavere za vladavinu svetom^[16]
  - poricanje Holokausta: tvrdnje da se Holokaust nije desio ili je značajno preuveličan^[17]
- Srpska autohtonistička škola
- Visočke piramide
- Venetska teorija
- ideje da su današnji Makedonci direktni potomci antičkih Makedonaca
antički astronauti, arheoastronomija i izgubljeni svetovi
- ideje od postojanju izgubljenih kontinenata Atlantida i Lemurija^[5]
- „Kočije bogova?“ i druge knjige Eriha fon Denikena, koje tvrde da su drevni vanzemaljci sagradili piramide i druge spomenike^[18]
- radovi Kristofera Najta, kao što je „Urijelova mašina“, koja zagovara postojanje drevne tehnološki napredne civilizacije^[19]^[20]
Šekspirovo autorstvo, pretpostavka da je neko drugi, a ne Vilijam Šekspir napisao dela koja mu se pripisuju.

Povezano

Reference

↑ Michael Shermer, Alex Grobman. Denying History: Who Says the Holocaust Never Happened and Why Do They Say It?, University of California Press, 2009, ISBN 978-0-520-26098-6, p.2
↑ Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke, The Occult Roots of Nazism, page 225 (Tauris Parke Paperbacks, 2005 edition).
↑ Fritze, Ronald H,. (2009). Invented knowledge: false history, fake science and pseudo-religions. Reaktion Books. str. 169. ISBN 978-1-86189-430-4.
↑ Novikov, S. P. (2000). „Pseudohistory and pseudomathematics: fantasy in our life”. Russian Mathematical Surveys 55.
↑ ^5,0 ^5,1 Fritze, Ronald H,. (2009). Invented knowledge: false history, fake science and pseudo-religions. Reaktion Books. p. 11.ISBN 978-1-86189-430-4.
↑ Laura Miller (2006). Dan Burstein. ur. Secrets of the Code. Vanguard Press. str. 405. ISBN 978-1-59315-273-4.
↑ Specter, Arlen (Spring 1995). „Defending the wall: Maintaining church/state separation in America”. Harvard Journal of Law & Public Policy 18 (2): 575–590.
↑ House Passes, Considers Evangelical Resolutions, Baltimore Chronicle
↑ David Barton - Propaganda Masquerading as History, People for the American Way
↑ Boston Theological Institute Newsletter Volume XXXIV, No. 17 Arhivirano 2009-03-17 na Wayback Machine-u, Richard V. Pierard, January 25, 2005
↑ Dietz, Robert S. "Ark-Eology: A Frightening Example of Pseudo-Science" in Geotimes 38:9 (Sept. 1993) p. 4.
↑ Sherwin, Elisabeth. „Clarence Walker encourages black Americans to discard Afrocentrism”. Davis Community Network. Pristupljeno 13. 11. 2007.
↑ Ortiz de Montellano, Bernardo & Gabriel Haslip Viera & Warren Barbour (1997). „They were NOT here before Columbus: Afrocentric hyper-diffusionism in the 1990s”. Ethnohistory (Duke University Press) 44 (2): 199–234. DOI:10.2307/483368. JSTOR 483368.
↑ Nanda, Meera (2005). „Response to my critics” (PDF). Social Epistemology 19 (1): 147–191. DOI:10.1080/02691720500084358. Sokal, Alan (2006). „Pseudoscience and Postmodernism: Antagonists or Fellow-Travelers?”. u: Fagan, Garrett. Archaeolological Fantasies: How pseudoarchaeology misrepresents the past and misleads the public. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-30592-6
↑ Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke. 1985. The Occult Roots of Nazism: Secret Aryan Cults and Their Influence on Nazi Ideology: The Ariosophists of Austria and Germany, 1890–1935. Wellingborough, England: The Aquarian Press. ISBN 0850304024. (Several reprints.) Expanded with a new Preface, 2004, I.B. Tauris & Co. ISBN 1-86064-973-4
↑ United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Holocaust Encyclopedia "Protocols of the Elders of Zion", last updated 4 May 2009.
↑ Deborah E. Lipstadt, Denying the Holocaust: The Growing Assault on Truth and Memory, Plume, 1994, Page 215, ISBN 0-452-27274-2
↑ Fritze, Ronald H,. (2009). Invented knowledge: false history, fake science and pseudo-religions. Reaktion Books. p. 201. ISBN 978-1-86189-430-4.
↑ Merriman, Nick, editor, Public Archaeology, Routledge, 2004 page 260
↑ Tonkin, S., 2003, Uriel's Machine – a Commentary on some of the Astronomical Assertions.

[1] Michael Shermer, Alex Grobman. Denying History: Who Says the Holocaust Never Happened and Why Do They Say It?, University of California Press, 2009, ISBN 978-0-520-26098-6, p.2

[2] Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke, The Occult Roots of Nazism, page 225 (Tauris Parke Paperbacks, 2005 edition).

[3] Fritze, Ronald H,. (2009). Invented knowledge: false history, fake science and pseudo-religions. Reaktion Books. str. 169. ISBN 978-1-86189-430-4.

[4] Novikov, S. P. (2000). „Pseudohistory and pseudomathematics: fantasy in our life”. Russian Mathematical Surveys 55.

[Fritze,_Ronald_H_2009_p._11-5] 5,0 ^5,1 Fritze, Ronald H,. (2009). Invented knowledge: false history, fake science and pseudo-religions. Reaktion Books. p. 11.ISBN 978-1-86189-430-4.

[6] Laura Miller (2006). Dan Burstein. ur. Secrets of the Code. Vanguard Press. str. 405. ISBN 978-1-59315-273-4.

[7] Specter, Arlen (Spring 1995). „Defending the wall: Maintaining church/state separation in America”. Harvard Journal of Law & Public Policy 18 (2): 575–590.

[8] House Passes, Considers Evangelical Resolutions, Baltimore Chronicle

[9] David Barton - Propaganda Masquerading as History, People for the American Way

[Pierard-10] Boston Theological Institute Newsletter Volume XXXIV, No. 17 Arhivirano 2009-03-17 na Wayback Machine-u, Richard V. Pierard, January 25, 2005

[11] Dietz, Robert S. "Ark-Eology: A Frightening Example of Pseudo-Science" in Geotimes 38:9 (Sept. 1993) p. 4.

[12] Sherwin, Elisabeth. „Clarence Walker encourages black Americans to discard Afrocentrism”. Davis Community Network. Pristupljeno 13. 11. 2007.

[Ortiz1997-13] Ortiz de Montellano, Bernardo & Gabriel Haslip Viera & Warren Barbour (1997). „They were NOT here before Columbus: Afrocentric hyper-diffusionism in the 1990s”. Ethnohistory (Duke University Press) 44 (2): 199–234. DOI:10.2307/483368. JSTOR 483368.

[14] Nanda, Meera (2005). „Response to my critics” (PDF). Social Epistemology 19 (1): 147–191. DOI:10.1080/02691720500084358. Sokal, Alan (2006). „Pseudoscience and Postmodernism: Antagonists or Fellow-Travelers?”. u: Fagan, Garrett. Archaeolological Fantasies: How pseudoarchaeology misrepresents the past and misleads the public. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-30592-6

[15] Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke. 1985. The Occult Roots of Nazism: Secret Aryan Cults and Their Influence on Nazi Ideology: The Ariosophists of Austria and Germany, 1890–1935. Wellingborough, England: The Aquarian Press. ISBN 0850304024. (Several reprints.) Expanded with a new Preface, 2004, I.B. Tauris & Co. ISBN 1-86064-973-4

[ushmm.org-16] United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Holocaust Encyclopedia "Protocols of the Elders of Zion", last updated 4 May 2009.

[17] Deborah E. Lipstadt, Denying the Holocaust: The Growing Assault on Truth and Memory, Plume, 1994, Page 215, ISBN 0-452-27274-2

[18] Fritze, Ronald H,. (2009). Invented knowledge: false history, fake science and pseudo-religions. Reaktion Books. p. 201. ISBN 978-1-86189-430-4.

[19] Merriman, Nick, editor, Public Archaeology, Routledge, 2004 page 260

[20] Tonkin, S., 2003, Uriel's Machine – a Commentary on some of the Astronomical Assertions.

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