Niqulu Makyabilli

Iga s ism nns imdan: Niccolò di Bernardo dei Machiavelli (ilul d ɣ 3 mayyu 1469 – immut ɣ 21 yunyu 1527) iga yan urgaz g Fluransa, ig adiblumas d umara d uflsuf d umassan n umzruy da iddrn ɣ tallit n Usnflul n Iṭalya. Ittyawssan uggar s udlis nns asrtan Agldun (*Il Principe*), da ittyaran ɣ 1513 macc ur d iffɣ ar 1532, smmus isggʷasn dffir lmut nns. Ar as bahra aqqran s "bab n tflsuft tasrtant tatrart d twssna tasrtant".

Ɣ ifili n isggʷasn ggutnin, iswuri iga Ajniral n Tagduda n Fluransa yusi tamstggart ɣ tɣawsiwin tidiblumasiyn d tsrdasin. Yura ikumidn, irirn n ukrnabal, d tmdyazt. Tibratin nns nyafnt i imssann n umzruy d inlmadn n Iṭalya. Iswuri iga asikritir n tmsqsadt tis snat n Tgduda n Fluransa sɣ 1498 ar 1512, lliɣ iffuɣ Midici tanbaḍt.

Mkann immut, ism n Machiavelli yusa d ad issktay tiɣawsiwin xʷcnin da f iwṣṣa uggar ɣ udlis nns, Agldun. Inna is d irim nns d tɣri nns n umzruy mlan as d is d tasrtit illa bdda gis inidi d tkndawt d tkrkas, yini daɣ is d yan umnbaḍ da issrsln kra n tgldit niɣ d yat tgduda, ar ittyawzawar f wumudn nns, ula f iɣnan, ukan iqqan d ad as ssufrn iɣ as tṛwa tyafut n ɣaylli iskr.

Asfris n Niqulu Makyabilli, isrm t Lurinzu Bartulini ɣ 1845, illa ɣ Flurinsa.

Agldun n Machiavelli ittl s iwnnan sɣ wass da ɣ d iuffɣ. Kra ar t ittmnad is iga aglam ur yunfn i tilawt tasrtant. Wiyyaḍ ar t ẓṛṛan is iga amanar n usslmd, ar isslmad manmk a rad ig yan murran d manmk ad ṭṭafn igllidn tanbaḍt, ɣaman gis. Ar izmaz ad, kra n inlmadn, zun d Leo Strauss, ar sul ttalsn i tannayt taqburt is d Machiavelli iga "aslmad n taḍṣuṛi".

Tudrt nns

Machiavelli ilul ɣ Fluransa, Iṭalya, iga arraw wis kraḍ d iwis amzwaru n umastan Bernardo di Niccolò Machiavelli d tmɣart nns, Bartolomea di Stefano Nelli, ass n 3 mayyu 1469.[20] Ar ttamnn is tawja n Machiavelli tgula zɣ imarquisn iqburn n Tuskana, tskr-d mraw d kraḍ n Igonfalonirin n Tɣdmt n Fluransa,[21] yan zɣ iwunak n yan ugraw n tẓa n imdann da ittyustayan s tɣrsi kraḍ wayyurn, da iskarn tanbaḍt, nɣd Signoria; ur igi yan unabaḍ ikmmln n Fluransa acku mamk tga tnbaḍt n Fluransa ɣ ḍḍur ann ula ɣ uzmz n tagduda. Machiavelli imun d Marietta Corsini ɣ 1501. Skrn sa n tarwa, smmus n ifrxan d snat n tfrxin: Primerana, Bernardo, Lodovico, Guido, Piero [it], Baccina d Totto.

Machiavelli ilul ɣ yan uzmz n tmnɣiwt. Timdinin-tigdudin n Iṭalya, d tawjiwin d mddn da tnt inbḍn ẓḍarn ad glin nɣd ad ddrn s tɣawla, acku iqcciḍn d igllidn n Fransa, Spanya, d Tagldit Taqddast Tarumanit ar skarn imnaqqarn f tiẓḍi d unbaḍ n tmnaḍin. Tisntutin tisrtanin-tiɣrmamin ar bdda ttbddalt, s imarayn n imrwasn da ibddaln tasga bla amattar, d udrar d tglay n gigan n tnbaḍin ur idum.[24]

Ɣ umrwas amzwaru n tasut tis sḍṣt, iskr kra n tmssutin n unmbaddal, uggar nsnt i ipapawt ɣ Ruma. Fluransa tssifḍ t s Pistoia ad isshnna izrfan n sin n trbaiɛ da inmɣan, da skrn tirzzaf ɣ 1501 d 1502; lliɣ ur iflḥ ɣ mayad, izrfan n trbaiɛ ad ttwakksan zɣ tmdint, taɣarast da iḥml Machiavelli zɣ tizwiri.[28] Zɣ 1502 ar 1503, iẓra tilawt taɣcnawt n tɣarasin n uskr n tmazirt n Cesare Borgia (1475–1507) d babas, Baba Alexander VI, da ran ad awin yan igr imqqurn n Iṭalya tanamaṣt s ufus nnsn.[29] Asbbab n urkkwz n iswingimn n Tgmmi n Rbbi ittyawsxdm d asmɣr amẓyan sɣ dar Borgia. Timssarin yaḍnin s aɣrf n Louis XII d uɣrf n Spanya ssnaflnt tiɣrdin nns zun d *Agllid*.

Machiavelli immut ass n 21 yunyu 1527 s yan uṭṭan n uɛddis[38] ilkm 58 n usggʷas dffir mad iqbl tirsal nns tiggura.[39][40] Ittwamḍal ɣ Tgmmi n Rbbi n Santa Croce ɣ Fluransa. Ɣ 1789 George Nassau Clavering, d Pietro Leopoldo, Agllid Amqran n Tuskana, ssntin askkar n yan uswir f unḍḍam n Machiavelli. Iskr t Innocenzo Spinazzi, s yan wawal f unḍḍam yuran fllas s ufus n Ḍukṭur Ferroni.[41][b]

Tiwuriwin mqqurnin

Adlis n ugldun

Asatl n udlis n "Ugldun" igan yan ɣ idlisn ssugrnin ɣ umzruy anfgan.

Adlis ittyawssann uggar n Machiavelli *Il Principe* iga gis kra n imyagn f tsrtit. Iswuri f tannayt n "agllid amaynu" fad n ugllid n tawja. Bac ad iṭṭaf taṣlḍant, agllid n tawja iqqan t ad ismsasa s lmizan iswingimn n tmrsalin da izzrin mddn.[42] S umnnid, agllid amaynu ila tawtmt icqqan uggar ɣ unbaḍ: iqqan t ad issbdda taṣlḍant nns tamaynut bac ad iskr yan uskkin asrtan irẓmn. Machiavelli ar ittini is tfukt tanamunt n usbddi d tɣllist tẓḍar ad tili s udm n uɣḍaf n tannayt. Machiavelli yumn is tannayt tamatut d tin turagin iqqan ad ttyawssnnt is gant sin tɣawsiwin bac ad yili unbaḍ iɣudan.[43] S uyad, yan unbaḍ iqqan t ad ur issḥssab ɣas i ism nns, macc ula ad iri s uzmzg ad iskr tiɣawsiwin ur fulkint ɣ uzmz iɣudan. Machiavelli yumn is, i unbaḍ, iḥla ad ittyawksaḍ s tugt fad ad ittyawḥml bahra; anbaḍ ittyawḥmln ar iṭṭaf taṣlḍant s uzmzg, mayad xf ar iḥkam unbaḍ ittyawksaḍn s tksaḍt n usrwas.[44] Zun d amussnaw asrtan, Machiavelli issfld f "tiɣi" n uskr s lqwt nɣd s tkrkas, ula askkar n tawjiwin timqranin marra, bac ad ur tili kra n tzddart n ummɣẓu mgal taṣlḍant n ugllid.

Amsawal f Liby

Imsawln f Mraw Idlisn Imzwura n Titus Livius*, da ittyuran ɣ 1517, ittyaɣra ɣ 1531, da ittyawssan s *Imsawln* nɣd *Discorsi*, iga s udm amzwaru asgdl f umzruy aklasiki n Ruma Taqburt, maca ar ittfuɣ s tugt f usntel ad ula ar isxdam imdyatn isrtann ilin ɣilad bac ad isml. Machiavelli ar t isrussu zun d yan umyag n tɣuriwin f manmk ad tettuskr d manmk ad tettubna yat tgduda. Iga adlis imqqurn uggar n *Agllid*, d mqqar ar issfham s udm irẓmn tifukal n tgduda, illa gis ula kra n isntal imunn d tɣrdin nns yaḍnin. S umdya, Machiavelli ar ittini is bac ad tettufukka tagduda zɣ uɣḍaf, iqqan ad tetturra s "addad agllidan" s usxdam n tɣdmt. Ar isurrf i Romulus f tirit n gmas Remus d unbaḍ nns Titus Tatius bac ad yamẓ taṣlḍant imdan i ixf nns acku iskr "abrid n tudrt anamun". Imsawln ur myin f manmk mmsasan sin idlisn ad, acku Machiavelli ar bahra isawal f inbbaḍn n tgduda is gan "igllidn". Machiavelli ar yaẓ ad ig anṣaḥ i imẓlaḍn. Imusnawen yaḍnin sfldn f isntal n usmɣr d umatal n tgduda n Machiavelli. Maca, ikka d ad ig yan zɣ idlisn imqqurn n tagdudant tamaynut, ar ittini mddn s tugt is iga adlis imdan uggar n *Agllid*.