Island arc
Island arcs are those well-known series of islands with volcanoes (such as the Ring of Fire). They are usually caused by tectonic plate boundaries passing over geologic hot spots in the Earth's crust.
Well-known examples are the Hawaiian Islands,[1] the Japanese Archipelago, the Philippine Islands, and the Yellowstone hotspot.
Plates moving together cause one plate to go under another, and another to go on top. This makes a string of islands because the hot spots stay still while the plates move over them. Essentially the same phenomenon occurred in "dead" island chains like the Galapagos Islands, yet is still live elsewhere. All these chains are made by land moving over hot-spots in the Earth's crust, not by the hotspots moving. The position of a hotspot seems independent of tectonic plate boundaries.
On North America the Cascade volcanos look like they are active because they have been swept up by the westward movement of the Americas.
A mantle plume is a proposed mechanism of convection in the Earth's mantle. This means there are places where the Earth's inner heat comes up, where more usually it does not.[2]
References
change- ↑ more formally called the Hawaiian–Emperor seamount chain.
- ↑ Foulger G.R. & Jurdy D.M. (eds). Plates, plumes, and planetary processes. Geological Society of America. p. 159. [1]