Althing
The Althing (Icelandic: Alþingi) is the national parliament of Iceland. It is the oldest legislature in the world that has been abolished and subsequently re-established.[1][2] It was founded in 930 at Thingvellir (the "assembly fields"),[3] which is almost 45 kilometres (28 mi) east of Iceland's capital, Reykjavík. When the Althing was formed, that was the beginning of Iceland as a country.
Icelandic Parliament Alþingi Íslendinga | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Type | |
| Type | |
| Leadership | |
| Structure | |
| Seats | 63 |
 | |
Political groups | Government coalition
Opposition Parties
|
| Elections | |
| Proportional representation | |
Last election | 25 April 2009 |
| Meeting place | |
 | |
| Parliament House (Alþingishúsið), Reykjavík | |
| Website | |
| www.althingi.is | |
Iceland is divided into six electoral constituencies. Each constituency elects nine members. Another nine seats are divided between parties based on how many people in the whole country voted for them.
History
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The Althing formed around the year 930, about 60 years after humans arrived on the island of Iceland. It started as a meeting of the country's most powerful leaders. They met to make laws and rule on matters of justice.[4] All free men could attend the assemblies, which were usually the main social event of the year. However, slaves and women were not permitted to attend it, which means that the parliament was not completely egalitarian. Forming the centre of the meeting place was the lögberg (law rock), a rock where the speaker of the assembly sat.[5] It was his responsibility to say the laws and decisions out loud to the people.
The most important group within the Althing was the lögrétta. It was made up of the country's 36 district leaders, nine other members, and the speaker. This group made the laws and ruled on legal disputes.
Royal period
changeAfter the union with Norway in 1264, the speaker was replaced by two administrators called lögmenn, who were appointed by the Norwegian king. The lögrétta shared legislative power with the king. Laws adopted by the Althing had to be approved by the king, and if the king made a law, it had to be approved by the Althing.
In the 14th century, the monarchies of Norway and Denmark were united and Iceland was ruled from Copenhagen. This became an absolute monarchy and the Althing gave up the right to make laws for Iceland. It served only as a court of law until June 1800, when the king dissolved it completely. It was replaced by a High Court of three judges who met in Reykjavik.[6]
Constitutional period
changeIn July 1843, the king said the Althing could be recreated. Elections were held the year after, and the new parliament met for the first time on 1 July 1845.[7] A constitution was created in 1874. It granted the Althing joint legislative power with the crown in matters relating only to Iceland. It increased the number of members of the Althing to 36: 30 of them were elected and the other six appointed by the king.
Iceland was given home rule in October 1903. In December 1918, Iceland was brought into a personal union with the King of Denmark. It was set so that after 25 years, the country could choose to leave the union. The Althing was given unlimited legislative power. The king no longer had any law-making powers in the country. The number of members of the Althing was increased to 42 in 1920, and to 52 in 1942.
Women were given the right to vote in 1915.[8] The first female member of parliament was elected in 1922.
Modern period
changeWhen Denmark was occupied by Germany on 9 April 1940, its union with Iceland was no longer in effect. On the next day, the Althing gave the Icelandic cabinet executive power. It made the prime minister head of state. A year later the Althing appointed a regent to represent the king. This office continued until 1944, when the personal union with the Danish king expired. The modern-day Republic of Iceland was established at a session of the Althing held at Thingvellir on 17 June 1944.
References
change- ↑ Althingi's English pages: Establishment of the Althing. Althingi Administration. (Press 'English', then 'Timeline') [1]
- ↑ Carl Cavanagh Hodge (2008). Encyclopedia of the Age of Imperialism, 1800-1914. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 337. ISBN 9780313043413.
- ↑ Christopher Moore (2004). In Other Words. New York: Walker Publishing Company. ISBN 0-8027-1444-7.
- ↑ "Þingvellir National Park". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. UNESCO. Retrieved 16 June 2012.
- ↑ "Establishment of the Althingi". althingi.is. 2011. Retrieved 17 June 2012.
- ↑ "Assemby abolished". althingi.is. 2011. Retrieved 17 June 2012.
- ↑ "Revival of the Althingi". althingi.is. 2011. Retrieved 17 June 2012.
- ↑ "Women's Suffrage". Women in Politics. Inter-Parliamentary Union. 2010. Retrieved 16 June 2012.
Other websites
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Media related to Alþingi at Wikimedia Commons