Brain damage
Brain damage is damage to the brain from either illnesses or injuries. Brain cells are damaged, which often affects one's brain in a way that stops the brain from thinking or reacting the same way as it did before the brain was damaged.
Physical damage to the brain is called traumatic brain injury (TBI). It has occurred since ancient times, and old medical records exist.
History
changeHead injuries and their effects were known in ancient times.[1][2]
Ancient Mesopotamians knew of head injury and some of its effects, including seizures, paralysis, and loss of sight, hearing or speech.[3] The Edwin Smith Papyrus, written around 1650–1550 BC, describes various head injuries and symptoms and classifies them based on their presentation and tractability.[4] Ancient Greek physicians including Hippocrates understood the brain to be the center of thought, probably due to their experience with head trauma.[5]
Perhaps the first reported case of personality change after brain injury is that of Phineas Gage. He survived an accident in 1848 when a large iron rod was driven through his head, destroying at least his left frontal lobe.
He recovered with no apparent sensory, movement, or big cognitive damage. However, his behaviour so altered that friends described him as "no longer being Gage". This suggested that the damaged areas are involved in "higher functions" such as personality.[6] Many cases of personality change after brain injury have been reported since.[7][8]
In the 1970s, awareness of TBI as a public health problem grew.[1] A great deal of progress has been made since then in brain trauma research,[9] such as the discovery of primary and secondary brain injury.[2] The 1990s saw the development and dissemination of standardized guidelines for treatment of TBI, with protocols for a range of issues such as drugs and management of intracranial pressure.[9] Research since the early 1990s has improved TBI survival.[2] That decade was called the "Decade of the Brain" for advances made in brain research.[10]
References
change- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Boake C. & Diller L 2005. History of rehabilitation for traumatic brain injury. In High W.M. et al (eds) Rehabilitation for traumatic brain injury. Oxford University Press, p3,8. ISBN 0-19-517355-4
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Granacher R.A. 2007. Traumatic brain injury: methods for clinical & forensic neuropsychiatric assessment. 2nd ed, Boca Raton: CRC, p1. ISBN 0-8493-8138-X
- ↑ Scurlock J.A. & Andersen B.R. (2005). Diagnoses in Assyrian and Babylonian medicine: ancient sources, translations, and modern medical analyses. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. p. 307. ISBN 0-252-02956-9. Retrieved 2008-11-08.
- ↑ Sanchez G.M. & Burridge A.L. (2007). "Decision making in head injury management in the Edwin Smith Papyrus". Neurosurgical Focus. 23 (1): E5. doi:10.3171/FOC-07/07/E5. PMID 17961064.
- ↑ Levin H.S; Benton A.L; Grossman R. (1982). "Historical review of head injury". Neurobehavioral consequences of closed head injury. Oxford University Press. pp. 3–5. ISBN 0-19-503008-7. Retrieved 2008-11-08.
- ↑ Blair R. 2004. The roles of orbital frontal cortex in the modulation of antisocial behaviour. Brain and Cognition 55 pp. 198–208
- ↑ LaPlaca M.C.; et al. (2007). "CNS injury biomechanics and experimental models". In Weber J.T. (ed.). Neurotrauma: new insights into pathology and treatment. Amsterdam: Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-444-53017-2. Retrieved 2008-11-10.
- ↑ Marion D.W. (1999). "Introduction". In Marion D.W. (ed.). Traumatic brain injury. Stuttgart: Thieme. ISBN 0-86577-727-6. Retrieved 2008-11-28.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Marshall L.F. (2000). "Head injury: recent past, present, and future". Neurosurgery. 47 (3): 546–61. doi:10.1097/00006123-200009000-00002. PMID 10981741. S2CID 25459804.
- ↑ Bush, George H.W. (1990). "Project on the Decade of the Brain". Library of Congress. Retrieved 2013-10-22.
Other websites
change- Head and Brain Injuries from MedlinePlus
- Dr.Diane.com Archived 2008-08-02 at the Wayback Machine Information on brain injury and related rehabilitation services.
- Fact sheets on brain damage, its effects, and strategies for survivors and their families
- Brain Damage Research from ScienceDaily