Civil law (common law)
Civil law is a branch of the law in common law countries.[1] The other branch of common law is criminal law. Civil law is concerned with the duties individuals owe to other people or to their government. This excludes the duty not to commit crimes.[1] The American form of civil justice is considerably different from European systems.[2] Two features stand out, class actions and the awarding of punitive damages in tort cases.[2] Many people in other countries are amazed at the number of civil cases in the United States. Americans sue in a wide variety of cases for compensation and medical expenses that are covered in other countries by national health insurance and government compensation programs.[2]
Civil cases
changeCivil law is concerned with cases such as divorce, child custody and support and related lawsuits.[3] Contract cases, tort cases (when someone is hurt and seeks compensation) and crimes which are tried in a criminal court and then tried in a civil case.[3] Examples would be cases resulting from drunk driving or hit and run.[3]
Civil cases use a lower preponderance of the evidence standard of proof whereas criminal cases use the higher standard of beyond a reasonable doubt.[4] An example of the differences and that the same crime can result in both criminal and civil trials is the O. J. Simpson trials.[4] In his criminal trial a jury decided the evidence did not meet the higher standard so he was acquitted of murder charges.[4] But in the civil wrongful death trial he was found guilty.[4]
Civil jury trials
changeThe right to a jury trial in civil cases is found in the United States but in very few other places. England, Canada, Australia and New Zealand have all but done away with civil jury trials in favor of bench trials.[5] Fewer than 1 percent of civil trials in the US are jury trials.[6] Where juries are used, the presence of a jury has changed the form of civil proceedings.[7] A jury has to be impaneled, they must hear witnesses and go over evidence before reaching a verdict.[7] The verdict, in turn, must follow the instructions given by a judge.[7]
Civil bench trials
changeBench trials in civil cases are usually conducted differently than jury trials.[8] Judges usually prefer settlements to trials and prefer bench trials because they save time.[8] A judge can streamline a case by asking for what he wants to see and hear, not what is presented for the benefit of a jury.[8]
Bench trials have several advantages. They are usually much less formal than a jury trial.[9] Attorneys for both sides can usually agree on the facts of a case before the trial starts. This can save a great deal of time otherwise spent on hearing witnesses and reviewing evidence.[9] This can save on the costs of a trial. In a jury trial, the judge is required to give instructions to the jury before they deliberate.[9] If a judge makes an error in his instructions, this is called a reversible error and can be used as a basis for an appeal.[9] In a bench trial, the judge gives no instructions since there is no jury.[9] This means the judge cannot be reversed due to an error in the instructions.[9]
Related pages
changeReferences
change- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Edward Sidlow; Beth Henschen, America at Odds (Belmont, CA: Thomson Wadsworth, 2007), p. 321
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Arthur T. von Mehren; Peter L. Murray, Law in the United States, Second Edition (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007), pp. 162–163
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 "How Courts Work". The American Bar Association (ABA). Retrieved 18 February 2016.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 "The Differences between a Criminal Case and a Civil Case". FindLaw. Retrieved 18 February 2016.
- ↑ Renee Lettow Lerner (29 May 2015). "The uncivil jury, part 5: What to do now — repeal and redesign". The Washington Post. Retrieved 15 February 2016.
- ↑ "The Seventh Amendment". National Constitution Center. Archived from the original on 21 February 2016. Retrieved 15 February 2016.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 John Henry Merryman; Rogelio Pérez-Perdomo, The Civil Law Tradition (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2007), p. 113
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Thomas A. Mauet, Trials: Strategy, Skills, and the New Power of Persuasion (New York: Aspen Publishers, 2005), p. 568
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 "Bench Trial Advantages". BenchTrial.Net. Archived from the original on 28 January 2016. Retrieved 18 February 2016.