Wikipedia

MDMA

empathogen and stimulant
For other uses, see Ecstasy.

MDMA (3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine), commonly seen in tablet form (ecstasy) and crystal form (molly[a] or mandy[b]), is a psychoactive drug with stimulant and psychedelic effects that is primarily used as a recreational drug.[1] Drugs sold under the street names ecstasy, molly, or mandy are often advertised as pure MDMA, but are often mixed with multiple other drugs.[2] MDMA can cause feelings of euphoria (extreme happiness) and altered sensations. Bad side effects include insomnia, nausea, rapid heartbeat, and addiction. It causes an initial increase in neurotransmitters that is followed by a short-term drop in neurotransmitters, which can lead to severe depression after coming down from the high.[2][3][4]

Ecstasy is sold as tablets, while Molly is sold as crystals

MDMA is illegal in most countries.[5] Possessing, making or selling it could result in criminal prosecution and a possible prison term.[6] Some countries, such as the U.S., have made limited exceptions to these laws for research. There have been some initial studies on whether it can help patients with severe PTSD (post-traumatic stress disorder) make progress in therapy if they take very low doses of MDMA immediately before appointments (under medical supervision).[7] As of 2016, MDMA has no accepted medical uses.[8] The use of MDMA has become more widespread in recent years. Among teens surveyed in 2018, more than 4% of 12th graders in the U.S. reported using ecstasy at some point in their lives. Even some very young teens are experimenting with the drug. More than 1.5% of 8th graders reported ever having used the drug.[9]

Many ecstasy tablets, especially those sold online on the “dark net” are more potent than ever before, as well. According to one European study, while tablets in the 90s and early 2000s average about 50–80 mg, the average dose of an ecstasy tablet on the current market is now 125 mg. Some “super pills” have been marketed, with doses ranging between 270 and 340 mg.[10]

Effects on health

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MDMA has many effects on the human body and brain. It makes the brain release the chemicals serotonin, dopamine and norepinephrine.[11] During MDMA use the body also makes more of the hormones oxytocin and vasopressin.[12]

All these effects together can make MDMA dangerous to use.[11] The change in body temperature and the tendency to dance for hours on end can make users dehydrate if not enough water is drunk during this time (an example of dehydration and hyperthermia). Lots of dancing can also put pressure on the heart. People with existing heart conditions are vulnerable to these negative side effects.[13]

Around 7 people die out of every million that use MDMA.[14] Mostly this is due to overheating and dehydration. However, it is possible to drink too much water,[15] swelling the brain and causing death. Many people have died from this after taking MDMA. Another factor is the hormone vasopressin, which is released during MDMA use. Vasopressin restricts the body's urge to urinate, which helps to get rid of excess liquid in the body before it becomes a problem.[16]

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Ecstasy is illegal in most, if not all, countries. In the United States, it is classified as a "Schedule I" drug. Schedule I drugs have no official medical use and are highly addictive. Some scientists believe Ecstasy may be useful in therapy since it has been found to reduce fear in some individuals. Recently, there has been some research on if it can help people with severe PTSD confront painful memories during therapy appointments.[17][18][19] It may also have potential to help people diagnosed with cancer manage their anxiety about death.

Notes

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  1. ↑ U.S. English
  2. ↑ U.K. English

References

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  1. ↑ Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, Ecstasy), National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, archived from the original on 3 April 2016, retrieved 5 April 2016
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Anderson, Leigh, ed. (18 May 2014). "MDMA". Drugs.com. Drugsite Trust. Retrieved 30 March 2016.
  3. ↑ "DrugFacts: MDMA (Ecstasy/Molly)". National Institute on Drug Abuse. February 2016. Retrieved 30 March 2016.
  4. ↑ Palmer, Robert B. (2012). Medical toxicology of drug abuse : synthesized chemicals and psychoactive plants. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons. p. 139. ISBN 9780471727606.
  5. ↑ "Where is Ecstasy legal?". Ecstasy.org. Retrieved January 26, 2016.
  6. ↑ "MDMA: Legal Status". Erowid.org. Erowid. December 16, 2015. Retrieved January 26, 2016.
  7. ↑ Turner, Amy (May 4, 2008). "Ecstasy is the key to treating PTSD". The Sunday Times (London). Times Newspapers Ltd. Archived from the original on May 27, 2015. Retrieved January 26, 2016.
  8. ↑ "Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA or 'Ecstasy')". EMCDDA. European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. Retrieved 17 October 2014.
  9. ↑ Abuse, National Institute on Drug. "MDMA (Ecstasy/Molly)". National Institute on Drug Abuse. Archived from the original on 2021-06-27. Retrieved 2021-07-08.
  10. ↑ http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/system/files/publications/2473/TD0116348ENN.pdf
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 "What does MDMA do to the brain?". DrugAbuse.gov. National Institutes of Health – National Institute on Drug Abuse. March 2006. Archived from the original on January 28, 2016. Retrieved January 26, 2016.
  12. ↑ Forsling ML, Fallon JK, ‘’et al.’’ 2002 (2002). "The effect of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, "ecstasy") and its metabolites on neurohypophysial hormone release from the isolated rat hypothalamus". British Journal of Pharmacology. 135 (3): 649–656. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0704502. PMC 1573171. PMID 11834612.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  13. ↑ "The Impact of Ecstasy on the Body (and Treatment Options)". Greenhouse Treatment Center. Retrieved 2021-07-08.
  14. ↑ "Ecstasy: Dangers". TheGoodDrugsGuide.com: Your Guide to Drugs, Addiction, and Treatment. TheGoodDrugsGuide.com. Retrieved January 26, 2016.
  15. ↑ "Hyponatremia". MayoClinic.org. Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. May 18, 2014. Retrieved January 26, 2016.
  16. ↑ Bowen, R (December 26, 2006). "Antidiuretic Hormone (Vasopressin)". vivo.colostate.edu. Colorado State University. Archived from the original on October 26, 2011. Retrieved January 26, 2016.
  17. ↑ Stephen J. Peroutka, ed. (1990). "The therapeutic use of MDMA." In Ecstasy: The Clinical, Pharmacological and Neurotoxicological Effects of the Drug MDMA. Holland: Kluwer. pp. 21–36. ISBN 978-1461314868.
  18. ↑ Doblin R (2002). "A Clinical Plan for MDMA (Ecstasy) in the Treatment of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): Partnering with the FDA" (PDF). Journal of Psychoactive Drugs. 34 (2): 185–194. doi:10.1080/02791072.2002.10399952. PMID 12691208. S2CID 11089345. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-01-20. Retrieved 2010-04-12.
  19. ↑ Sessa B and Nutt DJ 2007 (2007). "MDMA, politics and medical research: Have we thrown the baby out with the bathwater?". Journal of Psychopharmacology. 21 (8): 787–791. doi:10.1177/0269881107084738. PMID 17984158. S2CID 21339990.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
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