Norovirus
Norovirus (or winter vomiting disease) is a common cause of gastroenteritis.[1][6]
| Norovirus | |
|---|---|
| Other names | Winter vomiting bug,[1] stomach bug |
 | |
| Transmission electron microscope image of Norwalk virus. The white bar = 50 nm | |
| Medical specialty | Emergency medicine, pediatrics |
| Symptoms | Diarrhea, vomiting, stomach pain, headache[2] |
| Complications | Dehydration[2] |
| Usual onset | 12 to 48 hours after exposure[2] |
| Duration | 1 to 3 days[2] |
| Causes | Norovirus[3] |
| Diagnostic method | Based on symptoms[3] |
| Prevention | Hand washing, disinfection of contaminated surfaces[4] |
| Treatment | Supportive care (drinking sufficient fluids or intravenous fluids)[5] |
| Frequency | 685 million cases per year[6] |
| Deaths | 200,000 per year[6][7] |
It causes non-bloody diarrhea (enteritis), vomiting, and stomach pain.[2] Drinking lots of water is recommended[2] to replace fluids lost from diarrhea and vomiting.
Risk factors include unsanitary food preparation.[3] Diagnosis is generally based on symptoms.[3]
Wash hands often and properly. Disinfect contaminated surfaces.[4] There is no vaccine or specific treatment for norovirus.[4][5]
Norovirus results in about 685 million cases of disease and 200,000 deaths globally a year.[6][7] It is common.[3][8]
Those under the age of five are most often affected, and in this group it results in about 50,000 deaths in the developing world.[6] Norovirus infections occur more commonly during winter months.[6] It often occurs in outbreaks, especially among those living in close quarters.[3] In the United States, it is the cause of about half of all foodborne disease outbreaks.[3] The virus is named after the city of Norwalk, Ohio, US where an outbreak occurred in 1968.[9][10]
References
change- ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Norovirus (vomiting bug)". nhs.uk. 2017-10-19. Archived from the original on 2018-06-12. Retrieved 8 June 2018.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 "Norovirus Symptoms". CDC. 24 June 2016. Archived from the original on 6 December 2018. Retrieved 29 December 2017.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 Brunette GW (2017). CDC Yellow Book 2018: Health Information for International Travel. Oxford University Press. p. 269. ISBN 9780190628611. Archived from the original on 2022-10-07. Retrieved 2020-09-05.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 "Preventing Norovirus Infection". CDC. 5 May 2017. Archived from the original on 9 December 2017. Retrieved 29 December 2017.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 "Norovirus – Treatment". CDC. Archived from the original on 22 December 2017. Retrieved 29 December 2017.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 "Norovirus Worldwide". CDC. 15 December 2017. Archived from the original on 7 December 2018. Retrieved 29 December 2017.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 "Global Burden of Norovirus and Prospects for Vaccine Development" (PDF). CDC. August 2015. p. 3. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 December 2017. Retrieved 29 December 2017.
- ↑ Nguyen GT, Phan K, Teng I, Pu J, Watanabe T (October 2017). "A systematic review and meta-analysis of the prevalence of norovirus in cases of gastroenteritis in developing countries". Medicine. 96 (40): e8139. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000008139. PMC 5738000. PMID 28984764.
- ↑ Conly J, Johnston B (January 2003). "Norwalk virus – Off and running". The Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 14 (1): 11–3. doi:10.1155/2003/702517. PMC 2094906. PMID 18159419.
- ↑ Dance, Amber (2017-11-09). "Norovirus: The Perfect Pathogen". Knowable Magazine. doi:10.1146/knowable-111017-093400. ISSN 2575-4459. Archived from the original on 2020-03-29. Retrieved 2018-05-15.