Postpartum depression
Postpartum depression (PPD), also called postnatal depression, is a type of mood disorder that happens after childbirth, which can affect both sexes.
Symptoms may include extreme sadness, low energy, anxiety, crying episodes, and changes in sleeping or eating patterns.[1] PPD can also negatively affect the newborn child.[2][3]
While the exact cause of PPD is unknown, the cause is believed to be a combination of physical, emotional, genetic, and social factors.[4] These may include factors such as hormonal changes and sleep problems.[5] Risk factors include bipolar disorder, a family history of depression, psychological stress, problems during childbirth, lack of support, or a drug use disorder.[1]
Diagnosis is based on a person's symptoms.[3] While most women experience a short time of worry or unhappiness after delivery, postpartum depression should be seen when symptoms are severe and last over two weeks.[1]
Among those at risk, giving psychosocial support could prevent PPD.[6] This may include community support such as food, household chores, mother care, and friendship.[7] Treatment for PPD may include counseling or medications.[3] Types of counseling have been found to be useful in treating PPD.[3]
Postpartum depression affects roughly 8.9-10.1% of women in high income countries and 17.8-19.7% of women in low and middle income countries.[8] Postpartum depression commonly affects mothers who have had experienced stillbirth, live in urban areas, and are single mothers.[9] This mood disorder is seen to affect 1% to 26% of new fathers.[10]
Postpartum psychosis is a more severe form of postpartum mood disorder and happens in about 1 to 2 per 1,000 women following childbirth.[11] Postpartum psychosis is one of the leading causes of murder of children less than one year of age. It happens in about 8 per 100,000 births in the United States.[12]
References
change- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 "Postpartum Depression Facts". NIMH. Archived from the original on 21 June 2017. Retrieved 11 June 2017.
- ↑ Grace SL, Evindar A, Stewart DE (November 2003). "The effect of postpartum depression on child cognitive development and behavior: a review and critical analysis of the literature". Archives of Women's Mental Health. 6 (4): 263–74. doi:10.1007/s00737-003-0024-6. PMID 14628179. S2CID 20966469.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Pearlstein T, Howard M, Salisbury A, Zlotnick C (April 2009). "Postpartum depression". American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 200 (4): 357–64. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2008.11.033. PMC 3918890. PMID 19318144.
- ↑ Stewart DE, Vigod SN (January 2019). "Postpartum Depression: Pathophysiology, Treatment, and Emerging Therapeutics". Annual Review of Medicine. 70 (1): 183–196. doi:10.1146/annurev-med-041217-011106. PMID 30691372. S2CID 59341428.
- ↑ Soares CN, Zitek B (July 2008). "Reproductive hormone sensitivity and risk for depression across the female life cycle: a continuum of vulnerability?". Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience. 33 (4): 331–43. PMC 2440795. PMID 18592034.
- ↑ "Perinatal Depression: Prevalence, Screening Accuracy, and Screening Outcomes". Agency for Health Care Research and Quality. Archived from the original on 2013-11-11.
- ↑ Dennis CL, Fung K, Grigoriadis S, Robinson GE, Romans S, Ross L (July 2007). "Traditional postpartum practices and rituals: a qualitative systematic review". Women's Health. 3 (4): 487–502. doi:10.2217/17455057.3.4.487. PMID 19804024.
- ↑ Woody, C. A.; Ferrari, A. J.; Siskind, D. J.; Whiteford, H. A.; Harris, M. G. (2017-09-01). "A systematic review and meta-regression of the prevalence and incidence of perinatal depression". Journal of Affective Disorders. 219: 86–92. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2017.05.003. ISSN 0165-0327. PMID 28531848.
- ↑ Mughal, Saba; Azhar, Yusra; Siddiqui, Waquar (2023), "Postpartum Depression", StatPearls, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, PMID 30085612, retrieved 2023-09-18
- ↑ Paulson JF (2010). "Focusing on depression in expectant and new fathers: prenatal and postpartum depression not limited to mothers". Psychiatric Times. 27 (2). Archived from the original on 2012-08-05.
- ↑ Seyfried LS, Marcus SM (August 2003). "Postpartum mood disorders". International Review of Psychiatry. 15 (3): 231–42. doi:10.1080/09540260305196. PMID 15276962.
- ↑ Spinelli MG (September 2004). "Maternal infanticide associated with mental illness: prevention and the promise of saved lives". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 161 (9): 1548–57. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.161.9.1548. PMID 15337641. S2CID 35255623.
