Wikipedija

Sekstanje

Sékstanje je pošiljanje, prejemanje ali posredovanje spolno eksplicitnih besedilnih sporočil, fotografij ali videoposnetkov, predvsem med prenosnimi telefoni. Lahko vključuje tudi uporabo računalnika ali katere koli digitalne naprave.[1] Izraz je bil prvič populariziran na začetku 21. stoletja in je besedna zveza sestavljena iz besed seks in tekstanje, pri čemer je slednje mišljeno v širšem pomenu kot pošiljanje besedilnih sporočil, po možnosti s slikami.[2] Sekstanje ni osamljen pojav, temveč ena od številnih različnih vrst spolne interakcije v digitalnem okolju, ki je povezana s spolnim vzburjenjem.[3]f

Ozadje

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Angleški zraz sexting (sekstanje) je bil prvič objavljen leta 2005 v članku v avstralski reviji Sunday Telegraph Magazine.[4] Avgusta 2012 je bila beseda sexting prvič uvrščena v slovar Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary.[5]

Raziskovalni center Pew je naročil študijo o sekstanju, ki to prakso deli na tri vrste:[6]

  1. Izmenjava slik izključno med dvema romantičnima partnerjema.
  2. Izmenjave med partnerjema, ki se delijo z drugimi zunaj razmerja.
  3. Izmenjave med osebami, ki še niso v razmerju, vendar vsaj ena oseba upa, da bo.

Sekstanje je postalo pogostejše zaradi večjega števila telefonov s fotoaparatom in pametnih telefonov z dostopom do interneta, ki se lahko uporabljajo za pošiljanje eksplicitnih fotografij in sporočil.[6] Čeprav se s sekstanjem ukvarjajo ljudje vseh starosti,[7] mediji večinoma poročajo o negativnih vidikih uporabe pri mladostnikih. Najstniki za pošiljanje sporočil spolne narave[8] veliko pogosteje kot kateri koli drug nov medij uporabljajo besedilna sporočila, pri čemer je pri najstnikih, ki imajo neomejene pakete za pošiljanje besedilnih sporočil, večja verjetnost, da bodo prejemali spolno eksplicitna sporočila.[6][9]

Ker je seksting relativno nova praksa, etiko še vedno vzpostavljajo tako tisti, ki se z njim ukvarjajo, kot tisti, ki na podlagi tega koncepta oblikujejo zakonodajo. To, ali je seksting pozitivna ali negativna izkušnja, je običajno odvisno od tega, ali je bilo za izmenjavo slik dano soglasje ali ne. Kljub temu avstralska zakonodaja trenutno meni, da osebe, mlajše od 18 let, ne morejo dati soglasja za sekstanje, tudi če izpolnjujejo zakonsko določeno starost za spolno privolitev.[10]

V nasprotju s splošnim napačnim prepričanjem je pri preprečevanju zlorab med mladostniki privolitev pomembnejša od popolne prepovedi pošiljanja spolnih sporočil.[11]

Aplikacije družabnih medijev

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Sekstanje dodatno spodbujajo številne aplikacije za neposredno sporočanje, ki so na voljo na pametnih telefonih. Razlika med uporabo teh aplikacij in običajnim pošiljanjem besedil je v tem, da se vsebina prenaša prek interneta ali podatkovnega načrta, kar omogoča sodelovanje vsem, ki imajo dostop do interneta. Snapchat je privlačen za najstnike, ker uporabnikom omogoča pošiljanje fotografij za največ deset sekund, preden se fotografije same uničijo. Tisti, ki pošiljajo fotografije prek Snapchata, verjamejo, da bodo izginile brez posledic, zato se pri pošiljanju počutijo bolj varne. Bilo je več primerov, ko so najstniki prek teh aplikacij poslali fotografije, pričakujoč, da bodo izginile ali da jih bo videl samo prejemnik, vendar so bile shranjene in razširjene, kar je imelo družbene in pravne posledice. Čeprav uporabniki verjamejo, da bodo njihove fotografije na primer na Snapchatu izginile v nekaj sekundah, jih je enostavno shraniti prek druge tehnologije za zajemanje fotografij, aplikacij tretjih oseb ali preprostih posnetkov zaslona. Te aplikacije ne prevzemajo odgovornosti za shranjena eksplicitna sporočila ali fotografije. Politika zasebnosti Snapchata glede seksa se je razvila tako, da vključuje pošiljanje vsebine prek novih aplikacij za pametne telefone zaradi njihovih privlačnih lastnosti, kot so anonimnost ali začasni elementi. Te aplikacije prinašajo enaka tveganja in posledice, ki so vedno obstajale.

Snapchat

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Študija iz leta 2009 je pokazala, da je 4 % najstnikov, starih od 14 do 17 let, trdilo, da so pošiljali svoje spolno eksplicitne fotografije. Petnajst odstotkov teh najstnikov je tudi trdilo, da so prejeli spolno eksplicitne fotografije. To kaže na vprašanje soglasja, saj ljudje prejemajo fotografije, ne da bi jih prosili zanje. Pri Snapchatu je to še bolj učinkovito, saj oseba, ki prejema snapchat, ne ve za vsebino, dokler ga ne odpre,[12] sporočila pa se po določenem času samodejno izbrišejo. Čeprav je sekstanje prek Snapchata priljubljeno, je med uporabniki bolj razširjeno »šaljivo sekstanje«. Pošiljanje seksualnih slik kot šale predstavlja približno četrtino udeležencev.[13]

Razmerja

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Sekstanje je razširjena in normalizirana praksa med mladimi v številnih zahodnih liberalnih demokracijah.[14] Številni pari se ukvarjajo s sekstanjem. V študiji iz leta 2011 je 54 % vzorca svojim partnerjem vsaj enkrat poslalo eksplicitne slike ali videoposnetke, tretjina vzorca pa se je s tem ukvarjala občasno.[15]

Na območjih, kjer spolne vloge tradicionalno pričakujejo, da spolne stike sprožijo moški, ženske uporabljajo sekstanje, da moškim partnerjem ponudijo gole slike, kar jim omogoča večjo svobodo pri sprožanju spolnih odnosov.[16][17] Množični mediji ne spodbujajo mladostnikov ali mladoletnikov k sekstanju zaradi zakonov o otroški pornografiji, ki bi jih lahko kršili.[16] Vendar je bilo v nedavni študiji ugotovljeno, da je pri mladih ženskah v primerjavi z mladimi moškimi precej večja verjetnost, da jih bo partner prisilil v pošiljanje golih fotografij.[18]

Leta 2013 je bilo ugotovljeno, da se sekstanje pogosto uporablja za izboljšanje odnosa in spolnega zadovoljstva v romantični zvezi. Sekstanje je tako mogoče obravnavati kot »vedenje, ki je povezano s spolnostjo in posledično stopnjo zadovoljstva v odnosu, ki ga doživljata oba partnerja«. Albury in Crawford sta na podlagi intervjujev, ki sta jih opravila, ugotovila, da se seksting pogosto uporablja v pozitivnem smislu. Po mnenju Alburyja in Crawforda seksting ni le dejavnost, ki se pojavlja v okviru ljubimkanja ali spolnega odnosa, temveč tudi med prijatelji, kot šala ali v trenutku zbliževanja«.[19] Poročali so, da je imel hedonizem pomembno vlogo pri motivaciji za sekstanje, dolžina razmerja pa je bila negativno povezana z vedenjem, povezanim s sekstanjem. Študija je imela majhen vzorec, zato je treba opraviti več raziskav o sekstanju in motivaciji, vendar je jasno, da je sekstanje pojav, ki ni omejen le na nevezane posameznike, ki iščejo zabavo; uporabljajo ga tisti, ki so v intimnih razmerjih, da bi povečali občutek intimnosti in bližine svojega partnerja.[19] Za najstnike je sekstanje lahko tudi uvod (ali nadomestek) v spolno aktivnost, poskusna faza za tiste, ki še niso spolno aktivni, in za tiste, ki upajo, da bodo z nekom začeli razmerje.[6] V študiji, ki so jo leta 2013 izvedli Drouin in drugi, je bilo ugotovljeno, da je sekstanje povezano tudi s stili navezanosti, saj se tisti, ki se izogibajo navezanosti, pogosteje odločajo za sekstanje (prav tako kot se ti posamezniki pogosteje odločajo za priložnostni seks). Tako lahko sekstanje namesto da bi povečalo intimnost v teh vrstah odnosov, deluje kot varovalo za fizično intimnost.[15]

Študije

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V nekaterih študijah so ocenjevali sekstanje poročenih parov ali mladih moških, ki imajo spolne odnose z moškimi,[20] vendar je večina pozornosti namenjena heteroseksualnim mladostnikom.

Spletna raziskava iz leta 2015, opravljena na reprezentativnem kvotnem vzorcu N=1.500 odraslih v Nemčiji (starih od 18 do 85 let; 48 % žensk in 52 % moških), je pokazala, da je 41 % anketirancev vsaj enkrat v življenju poslalo sekst.[21] Najpogostejše je bilo pošiljanje erotičnih sporočil, sledilo je pošiljanje erotičnih fotografij in videoposnetkov samega sebe. Statistično značilno večjo udeležbo pri sekstanju so pokazale osebe moškega spola, mlajše starosti, neporočenega zakonskega stanu in neheteroseksualne identitete. Anketiranci so poročali o bistveno več pozitivnih kot negativnih učinkih svojih dejavnosti sekstanja.

Nekatere študije mladostnikov so pokazale, da je pošiljanje spolnih sporočil povezano s tveganim spolnim vedenjem,[22][23][24][25][26] medtem ko druge študije niso odkrile nobene povezave.[14][27][28] Čeprav je bil poudarek predvsem na heteroseksualnih najstnikih, nedavna študija dokazuje, da je število oseb, ki pošiljajo spolne podobe sebe, različno.[29]

V raziskavi, ki jo je leta 2008 izvedla Nacionalna kampanja za preprečevanje najstniške in nenačrtovane nosečnosti in v kateri je sodelovalo 1.280 najstnikov in mladih odraslih obeh spolov, je 20 % najstnikov (13-20 let) in 33 % mladih odraslih (20-26 let) poslalo svoje gole ali napol gole fotografije v elektronski obliki. Poleg tega je 39 % najstnikov in 59 % mladih odraslih poslalo spolno eksplicitna besedilna sporočila.[30]

Sexting became popular among teens around 2009, especially among high school students in the United States, where 20 percent of high school students said they had engaged in sexting or receiving.[31]

A widely cited 2011 study indicated the previously reported prevalence was exaggerated. Researchers at the University of New Hampshire surveyed 1,560 children and caregivers, reporting that only 2.5 percent of respondents had sent, received or created sexual pictures distributed via cell phone in the previous year.[32] Perhaps shedding light on the over-reporting of earlier studies, the researchers found that the figure rose to 9.6% when the definition was broadened from images prosecutable as child pornography to any suggestive image, not necessarily nude ones.[33]

Despite this, a 2012 study conducted by the University of Utah Department of Psychology[34][35] has received wide international media attention for calling into question the findings reported by the University of New Hampshire researchers. In the University of Utah's study, researchers Donald S. Strassberg, Ryan Kelly McKinnon, Michael A. Sustaíta, and Jordan Rullo surveyed 606 teenagers ages 14 to 18 and found that nearly 20 percent of the students said they had sent a sexually explicit image of themselves via cell phone, and nearly twice as many said that they had received a sexually explicit picture. Of those receiving such a picture, over 25 percent indicated that they had forwarded it to others. In addition, of those who had sent a sexually explicit picture, over a third had done so despite believing that there could be serious legal and other consequences if they got caught. Students who had sent a picture by cell phone were more likely than others to find the activity acceptable. Strassberg, McKinnon, et al. note: "The news-worthiness of [the University of New Hampshire study] derives from [their] figure [2.5%] being far below (by a factor of 5 or more) the prevalence rates reported in the previous surveys. However, while technically accurate, the 2.5% figure is actually rather misleading. As seen in Table 1 of their publication, Mitchell et al. found that among the quarter of their sample that were ages 10 to 12, [less than] 0.6% 'appeared in, created, or received a nude or nearly nude image' while among those age 15 to 17, 15% of participants reported having done so. Despite it being widely reported in the media, the overall prevalence figure of 2.5% masks a dramatic age effect that indicates that more than 1 in 8 mid-teen minors admit to having sexted." Strassberg, McKinnon, et al. conclude: "These results argue for educational efforts such as cell phone safety assemblies, awareness days, integration into class curriculum and teacher training, designed to raise awareness about the potential consequences of sexting among young people."[34][36][37]

According to a writing by professor Diane Kholos Wysocki, although both men and women participate in "sexting", "women are more likely to sext than men".[38] Even though the article claims that women are more likely to sext than men, the article does not claim that women are the only ones receiving the images. In a study, close to half of the adults' interviewed had sexual photos or texts on their mobile device(s). Many of these intimate images and words are actually sent to complete strangers. In an article in Scientific American, however, the article says that men are actually more likely to initiate some form of intimate communication, like sending nude photographs or suggestive text messages. The reasoning behind this is that men seem to be more open about their sexual drive, which promotes the instigation of sexual contact. Also in this article, it says, "The age group that is most keen on sexting is 18- to 24-year-olds".[39] This is when young adults are at their prime of sexuality, and are looking to find their partners while also exploring their bodies and sexuality. Amy Adele Hasinoff published an article trying to get rid of the stigma that sexting is simply exploitation of sexual matters. Women are sexualized whenever they post or share any form of intimate media. Men are not. When it comes to sexting, there is a big difference between sexual exploitation and a consensual decision to express one's sexuality and share an image of their own body with someone who wants to see it. Hasinoff points out that "Many digital media scholars stress that the Internet can enable young people to explore their identities and develop social and communication skills" (Boyd, 2008; Tynes, 2007),[40] and suggests that consensual sexting might serve a similar function for some people.

The body of academic literature on sexting has been growing rapidly since the early 2000s. Several research reviews are available that summarize the current state of research. Such research reviews often focus on the prevalence of sexting in different populations, on the age and gender of sexters, on motivations for sexting, and on positive and negative sexting outcomes.[41][42][43][44] Importantly, more and more primary studies and research reviews clearly differentiate between consensual sexting on the one side and non-consensual sexting including different types of technology-mediated violence such as sextortion and so-called "revenge porn".[45] There are also research reviews available that summarize and evaluate extant measures to prevent negative sexting outcomes and nonconsensual sexting.[46][47]

Tveganja

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Znak na ženskem pohodu 2018 v Oslu z napisom »NO MORE DICKPICS« (nič več slik kurcev)

If a person sends an explicit image of themselves to a partner, then it can be against the law to re-transmit a copy of that image to another person without the consent of the originator.[48][49] Some countries have revenge porn laws that prevent the publication of sexual images without consent of parties in the image. While there are many possible legal avenues for prosecution of people who knowingly breach the confidence of those sending sexual messages, in practice, nude images can be widely propagated without the consent of the originator.[50]

Some young people blackmail their sexual partners and former partners by threatening to release private images of them.[51][52][53] In a study conducted by Drouin et al. analyzing sexting behaviours among young adults, it was found that men would show the sexually explicit photos of their girlfriends to their friends.[8][54] This is a new risk associated with new media, as prior to cell phones and email, it would be difficult to quickly distribute photos to acquaintances; with sexting, one can forward a photo in a matter of seconds.

Studies have shown that sex crimes using digital media against minors reflect the same kind of victimization that happens offline.[16] Family members, acquaintances and intimate partners make up the mass majority of perpetrators for digital media sex crimes.[16] Research by the Internet Watch Foundation in 2012, estimated that 88% of self-made explicit images are "stolen" from their original upload location (typically social networks) and made available on other websites, in particular porn sites collecting sexual images of children and young people. The report highlighted the risk of severe depression for "sexters" who lose control of their images and videos.[55][56] Sexting is seen as irresponsible and promiscuous for adolescents, but "fun and flirty" for adults.[16] These risks tend to be exaggerated by news media, especially in regards to adolescent girls.[57][58]

The University of Utah study (with a population sample of 606 teens aged 14 to 18) stated that about one third of respondents did not consider legal or other consequences when receiving or sending sexts.[59] Teenagers may not be thinking about the risks and repercussions when they participate in sexting; however, a study by Kath Albury titled Selfies, Sexts, and Sneaky Hats: Young People's Understandings of Gendered Practices of Self-Presentation[60] shows that teenagers engaging in sexting were concerned that their parents may see or find out about their involvement with sexting. Some teenagers shared that their "main risks of parental discovery were embarrassment (for both parents and young people) and 'overreaction' from adults who feared the photo had been shared."[61] While teenagers felt less compelled to worry about the legal risks with sexting, they worried that their parents would find out about their involvement with sexting. Albury and Crawford (2012) argue that adolescents are well aware of the differences between consensual sexting and distribution of private images with negative intent. Further, they argue young people are developing norms and ethics of sexting based on consent.

Creation and distribution of explicit photos of teenagers violates child pornography laws in many jurisdictions (depending on the age of the people depicted), but this legal restriction does not align with the social norms of the population engaging in the practice, which distinguish between consensual activity and harassment or revenge.[16] Senders in some jurisdictions may also be charged with distribution of indecent material to a minor, and could be required to register as a sex offender for life. Child pornography cases involving teen-to-teen sexting have been prosecuted in Oregon,[62][63] Virginia,[64] Nova Scotia[65] and Maryland.[66]

While mainstream media outlets, parents, and educators are rightfully worried about the negative legal, social, and emotional ramifications of teen sexting, much less is said about the issue of sexual consent. According to a 2012 study conducted by professors at the University of New South Wales,[67] due to child pornography laws that prohibit any minor from consenting to sexual activity, issues of consent among adolescent teens is seldom discussed. Much like the discourse surrounding "abstinence-only" education, the prevailing attitude towards sexting is how to prevent it from occurring rather than accepting its inevitability and channeling it in healthier ways. According to the study, instead of criminalizing teens who participate in sexting, the law should account for whether the images are shared consensually. This would mean adopting an "ethics" approach, one that teaches and guides teens on how to respect bodily autonomy and privacy. A 2019 Journal of Adolescent Health article authored by scholars Justin Patchin and Sameer Hinduja entitled "It’s Time to Teach Safe Sexting" offers specific, actionable strategies towards this end within a harm reduction framework.[68]

According to a study done by the health journal Pediatrics, more than one in five middle school minors with behavioral or emotional problems has recently engaged in sexting. Those individuals who have reported sexting in the past six months were four to seven times more likely to engage in other sexual activities such as intimate kissing, touching genitals, and having vaginal or oral sex, compared to minors who stated they did not partake in sexting. The study included 420 participants who were between the ages of 12 and 14 years old. The children were pulled from five urban public middle schools in Rhode Island between 2009 and 2012. Seventeen percent of the children tested claimed they had sent a sexually explicit text message in the past six months. Another five percent admitted to sending sexually explicit text messages and nude or semi-nude photos.[69][70]

Pravne zadeve

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Sexting is generally legal if all parties are over the age of majority and images are sent with their consent and knowledge; however, any type of sexual message that both parties have not consented to can constitute sexual harassment.

Sexting that involves minors under the age of consent sending an explicit photograph of themselves to a romantic partner of the same age can be illegal in countries where anti – child pornography laws require all participants in pornographic media to be over the age of majority. Some teenagers who have texted photographs of themselves, or of their friends or partners, have been charged with distribution of child pornography, while those who have received the images have been charged with possession of child pornography; in some cases, the possession charge has been applied to school administrators who have investigated sexting incidents as well. The images involved in sexting are usually different in both nature and motivation from the type of content that anti-child pornography laws were created to address.[71][72]

A 2009 UK survey of 2,094 teens aged 11 to 18 found that 38% had received an "offensive or distressing" sexual image by text or email.[73]

In the United States, anyone who is involved in the electronic distribution of sexual photos of minors can face state and federal charges of child pornography. The laws disregard the consent of parties involved: "...regardless of one's age or consent to sexting, it is unlawful to produce, possess, or distribute explicit sexual images of anyone under 18."[16] The University of New Hampshire's Crimes Against Children Research Center estimates that 7 percent of people arrested on suspicion of child pornography production in 2009 were teenagers who shared images with peers consensually.[74]

Kath Albury discusses in an article titled "Sexting, Consent, and Young People's Ethics: Beyond Megan's Story" that if teens are convicted of a sexting charge, they have to register as a sex offender, and this takes away the impact of the title of sex offender. A girl who agreed to send her girlfriend a naked picture is not as dangerous to the community as a child molester but the charge of sex offender would be applied equally to both of these cases.[75]

In a 2013 interview, assistant professor of communications at the University of Colorado Denver, Amy Adele Hasinoff, who studies the repercussions of sexting has stated that the "very harsh" child pornography laws are "designed to address adults exploiting children" and should not replace better sex education and consent training for teens. She went on to say, "Sexting is a sex act, and if it's consensual, that's fine..." "Anyone who distributes these pictures without consent is doing something malicious and abusive, but child pornography laws are too harsh to address it."[76]

According to Amy Hasinoff, if sexting was viewed as media production and a consensual activity, this would change the legal assumption that sexting is always non-consensual and reduce the culpability of victimized youth. This turns sexting into a situation that would lead to different legal consequences when distribution of the material was not consented to by the creator.[16] Alvin J. Primack, who draws from Amy Hasinoff's work, argued a media production model may be useful for distinguishing between child pornography and sexting from a First Amendment perspective.[77] According to Alvin J. Primack, the motivation for creating and distributing sexts (e.g., pleasure, relationship building) differs from the motivation for creating and distributing child pornography (e.g., abuse, exploitation), and the market of circulation is generally different between the two as well. For these reasons, there may be arguments – grounded in reasoning provided by First Amendment doctrine – for finding some youth sexts exchanged between persons who are of the age of consent to be legally-protected speech.

Legal professionals and academics have expressed that the use of "child porn laws" with regard to sexting is "extreme" or "too harsh". Florida cyber crimes defense attorney David S. Seltzer wrote of this that "I do not believe that our child pornography laws were designed for these situations ... A conviction for possession of child pornography in Florida draws up to five years in prison for each picture or video, plus a lifelong requirement to register as a sex offender."[78]

Academics have argued that sexting is a broad term for images being sent over Internet and cell phones, between minors, adults, or minors and adults, and in an abusive manner or in an innocent manner. In order to develop policy better suited for adolescent sexting cases, it is necessary to have better terms and categories of sexting. University of New Hampshire typology has suggested the term youth-produced sexual image to classify adolescent sexting. Furthermore, they branch into two sub-categories: aggravated and experimental youth-produced sexual image. Aggravated cases include cases of sexual assault, coercion, cyber-bullying, forwarding images without consent, and abusive behavior. Experimental cases are cases in which an adolescent willingly takes a picture and sends it to someone with no criminal intent and is attention-seeking.[79] This terminology could lead to more appropriate action towards adolescents who engage in sexting.

Pravni primeri

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  • In 2007, 32 Australian teenagers from the state of Victoria were prosecuted as a result of sexting activity.[80]
  • In 2008, an assistant principal in the U.S. state of Virginia was charged with possession of child pornography and related crimes after he had been asked to investigate a rumored sexting incident at the high school where he worked. Upon finding a student in possession of a photo on his phone that depicted the torso of a girl wearing only underpants, her arms mostly covering her breasts, the assistant principal showed the image to the principal, who instructed him to preserve it on his computer as evidence, which he did. The court later ruled that the photo did not constitute child pornography because under Virginia law, nudity alone is not enough to qualify an image as child pornography; the image must be "sexually explicit". Loudoun County prosecutor James Plowman stood by his initial assessment of the photo and says he would not have pursued the case if the assistant principal had agreed to resign. Instead, the assistant principal took out a second mortgage on his house and spent $150,000 in attorneys' fees to clear his name.[81][82]
  • In January 2009, child pornography charges were brought against six teenagers in Greensburg, Pennsylvania, after three girls sent sexually explicit photographs to three male classmates.[83]
  • In 2009, a Fort Wayne, Indiana, teenage boy faced felony obscenity charges for allegedly sending a photo of his genitals to several female classmates. Another boy was charged with child pornography in a similar case.[84]
  • In 2009, police investigated an incident at Margaretta High School in Castalia, Ohio, in which a 17-year-old girl allegedly sent nude pictures of herself to her former boyfriend, and the pictures started circulating after they had a quarrel.[85] The girl was charged with being an "unruly child" based on her juvenile status.[86]
  • In 2009, two southwest Ohio teenagers were charged with contributing to the delinquency of a minor, a first-degree misdemeanor, for sending or possessing nude photos on their cell phones of two 15-year-old classmates.[87]
  • On 25 March 2009, the American Civil Liberties Union filed a lawsuit against Wyoming County, Pennsylvania district attorney George Skumanick Jr. for threatening teenage girls who were the subject of allegedly risque photos with prosecution on child pornography charges if they did not submit to a counseling program.[88] The case is Miller, et al. v. Skumanick.[89] Skumanick stated in an interview with Julie Chen on CBS News's The Early Show that his office decided to make an offer of limiting penalties to probation if the girls agreed to attend a sexual harassment program.[90][91] The girls and their parents won a ruling that blocked the district attorney, who appealed. It is the first appeals court case concerning sexting.[92]
  • In July 2010, Londonderry High School teacher Melinda Dennehy pleaded guilty and received a one-year suspended sentence for sending racy photos of herself to a 15-year-old student.[93]
  • In August 2014, a teen from Manassas City, Virginia, was placed on one year's probation after being charged with two counts of child pornography for allegedly sexting an explicit video to his 15-year-old girlfriend. The case become controversial after attempts by the Manassas city police and prosecutors to take pictures of the teen's erect penis as evidence to compare with the video he sent to his girlfriend in January.[94]
  • In November 2015, officials discovered widespread sexting at Cañon City High School in Colorado.[95] Photos of at least 100 different students were involved, in what appeared to be a contest. District Attorney Thom LeDoux said consenting adults can send and receive sext messages, but minors can face felony charges for doing the same. Before deciding to prosecute, he said he would consider if coercion was involved, if adults were involved, and if actual physical contact was made.[96] When The New York Times reported on this incident, the reporter referred to a book titled Sexting Panic, written by Adele Hasinoff, an assistant professor at the University of Colorado. Hasinoff said schools should talk to students about sexting, instead of simply demanding that they stop doing it.[96]
  • In September 2017, the Washington Supreme Court, by a vote of 5–3, upheld the child pornography trafficking conviction of a seventeen-year-old boy for texting a picture of his erect penis to an adult woman.[97] The boy, who has Asperger syndrome, was sentenced to 50 hours of community service, 30 days' confinement, and registration as a sex offender.[98]
  • In March 2019, the school board of Bellport middle school (New York) fired a 25-year-old teacher after a photo surfaced, that she had taken at home sitting on the floor before a mirror, a towel draped across her legs and her breasts exposed. She had only shared the image with a colleague she was dating, who was not disciplined for the dissemination of the photograph among the students of the school. She has sued the school district and its administrators for gender discrimination, commenting "It's always the boys hurting the girls and the girls taking the brunt of it".[99]

Zakonodajni odzivi

uredi

In Connecticut, Rep. Rosa Rebimbas introduced a bill that would lessen the penalty for "sexting" between two consenting minors in 2009. The bill would make it a Class A misdemeanor for children under 18 to send or receive text messages with other minors that include nude or sexual images. It is currently a felony for children to send such messages, and violators could end up on the state's sex offender registry.[100]

Vermont lawmakers introduced a bill in April 2009 to legalize the consensual exchange of graphic images between two people 13 to 18 years old. Passing along such images to others would remain a crime.[101]

In Ohio, a county prosecutor and two lawmakers proposed a law that would reduce sexting from a felony to a first degree misdemeanor, and eliminate the possibility of a teenage offender being labeled a sex offender for years. The proposal was supported by the parents of Jesse Logan, a Cincinnati 18-year-old who committed suicide after the naked picture of herself which she sexted was forwarded to people in her high school.[102]

Utah lawmakers lessened the penalty for sexting for someone younger than 18 to a misdemeanor from a felony.[103]

In New York, Assemblyman Ken Zebrowski (D-Rockland) has introduced a bill that will create an affirmative defense where a minor is charged under child pornography laws if they possesses or disseminate a picture of themselves or possess or disseminates the image of another minor (within 4 years of their age) with their consent. The affirmative defense will not be available if the conduct was done without consent. It also creates an educational outreach program for teens that promotes awareness about the dangers of sexting.[104]

In the Australian state of Victoria, the law was reformed in 2014 to create a defence for young people who engage in consensual sexting and the introduction of the new offences of distribution of an intimate image, and threat to distribute an intimate image.[105]

Glej tudi

uredi

Sklici

uredi
  1. ↑ Salter, Michael (2013). »Beyond Criminalisation and Responsibilitisim Sexting, Gender and Young People«. Sydney Law School. 24: 310–315.
  2. ↑ Redmond, Teresa (22. februar 2010). »Ringwood community addresses sexting«. NorthJersey.com. North Jersey Media Group. Pridobljeno 30. maja 2010.
  3. ↑ Döring, Nicola; Krämer, Nicole; Mikhailova, Veronika; Brand, Matthias; Krüger, Tillmann H. C.; Vowe, Gerhard (2021). »Sexual interaction in digital contexts and its implications for sexual health: A conceptual analysis«. Frontiers in Psychology. 12: 769732. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.769732. ISSN 1664-1078. PMC 8669394. PMID 34916999.
  4. ↑ Roberts, Yvonne (31. julij 2005). »The one and only«. Sunday Telegraph Magazine. Sydney, Australia: News Corp Australia. str. 22. Following a string of extramarital affairs and several lurid "sexting" episodes, Warne has found himself home alone, with Simone Warne taking their three children and flying the conjugal coop.
  5. ↑ Italie, Leanne. »F-bomb makes it into mainstream dictionary«. The Washington Times. Pridobljeno 15. avgusta 2012.
  6. ↑ 6,0 6,1 6,2 6,3 Lenhart, Amanda (15. december 2009). Teens and sexting (poročilo). Pew Internet & American Life Project.
  7. ↑ McDaniel, Brandon T.; Drouin, Michelle (november 2015). »Sexting among married couples: who is doing it, and are they more satisfied?«. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking. 18 (11): 628–634. doi:10.1089/cyber.2015.0334. PMC 4642829. PMID 26484980.{{navedi časopis}}: Vzdrževanje CS1: samodejni prevod datuma (povezava)
  8. ↑ 8,0 8,1 Drouin, Michelle; Vogel, Kimberly N.; Surbey, Alisen; Stills, Julie R. (september 2013). »Let's talk about sexting, baby: computer-mediated sexual behaviors among young adults«. Computers in Human Behavior. 29 (5): A25–A30. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2012.12.030.{{navedi časopis}}: Vzdrževanje CS1: samodejni prevod datuma (povezava)
  9. ↑ »Teens and Sexting« (PDF). Arhivirano iz prvotnega spletišča (PDF) dne 26. novembra 2013. Pridobljeno 5. februarja 2023.
  10. ↑ Albury, Kath; Crawford, Kate (Junij 2012). »Sexting, consent and young people's ethics: beyond Megan's Story«. Continuum: Journal of Media & Cultural Studies. 26 (3): 463–473. doi:10.1080/10304312.2012.665840. S2CID 145401204.
  11. ↑ The Economist, March 28th 2020, page 26.
  12. ↑ Lenhard, Amanda. »Teens and Sexting How and why minor teens are sending sexually suggestive nude or nearly nude images via text messaging« (PDF). pewinternet.org. Arhivirano iz prvotnega spletišča (PDF) dne 19. oktobra 2016. Pridobljeno 5. februarja 2023.
  13. ↑ Utz, S.; Muscanell, N.; Khalid, C. (2015). »Snapchat Elicits More Jealousy than Facebook: A Comparison of Snapchat and Facebook Use«. Cyberpsychology, Behavior & Social Networking. 18 (3): 141–146. doi:10.1089/cyber.2014.0479. PMID 25667961. S2CID 206158389.
  14. ↑ 14,0 14,1 Yeung, Timothy H.; Horyniak, Danielle R.; Vella, Alyce M.; Hellard, Margaret E.; Lim, Megan S.C. (september 2014). »Prevalence, correlates and attitudes towards sexting among young people in Melbourne, Australia«. Sexual Health. 11 (4): 332–339. doi:10.1071/SH14032. PMID 25087581.{{navedi časopis}}: Vzdrževanje CS1: samodejni prevod datuma (povezava)
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  16. ↑ 16,0 16,1 16,2 16,3 16,4 16,5 16,6 16,7 Hasinoff, Amy Adele (Junij 2013). »Sexting as media production: rethinking social media and sexuality«. New Media & Society. 15 (4): 449–465. doi:10.1177/1461444812459171. S2CID 5361448.
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  99. ↑ Lucia Graves (19 April 2019) Graves, Lucia (19. april 2019). »A topless photo ruined this teacher's career. Now she's speaking out«. The Guardian., The Guardian.
  100. ↑ Falcone, Amanda (5. april 2010). »Rookie legislator in national eye with bill To lessen 'sexting' penalty for consenting minors«. Hartford Courant. Tribune Publishing. Arhivirano iz prvotnega spletišča dne 23. julija 2011. Pridobljeno 6. februarja 2016.
  101. ↑ Associated Press (13. april 2009). »Vermont considers legalizing teen 'sexting'«. Fox News Channel. Pridobljeno 6. februarja 2016.
  102. ↑ Russ, Dick (13. april 2009). »Ohio to address 'sexting' laws«. WKYC-TV. Cleveland, Ohio: Tegna, Inc. Pridobljeno 6. februarja 2016.
  103. ↑ Associated Press (11. marec 2009). »Utah lawmakers OK bill on 'sexting'«. Standard-Examiner. Ogden, Utah: Ogden Publishing Corporation. Arhivirano iz prvotnega spletišča dne 10. junija 2017. Pridobljeno 6. februarja 2016.
  104. ↑ Galef, Sandy (16. december 2015). »Bill no: A08622 summary«. assembly.state.ny.us. New York State Assembly. Pridobljeno 6. februarja 2016.
  105. ↑ »Victoria passes 'sexting' laws...«. 16. oktober 2014.

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