Heed (Af Ingiriis : barley; Af Carabi : ar‎) magaca sayniska Hordeum vulgare L., waa qayb ka mid ah dhirta cowsleyda ah ee bixisa midhaha xabada firida ah. Heeda waxaa markii ugu horaysay taariikhda laga beeran jirey buuroleyda Tibet, ka dibna waxay u soo gudubtey qaarada Aasiya, Afrika iyo Yurub. Sidoo kale, heedu waxay ka mid tahay dhirta cowska u eeg waana mida loogu beerashada badan yahay caalamka. Tan iyo wakhtiyadii hore, heeda waxaa dadku u isticmaali jireen cunto ahaan, in xoolaha la quudiyo, in laga sameeyo khamriga, in laga sameeyo cabitaano khafiif ah iyo sharaabyo kala duwan.

Intaas waxaa dheer, waxaa heeda laga diyaariyaa nooc ka mid ah maraqa bilaa duxda ah, canjeerada iyo noocyo badan oo rooti ah. Midhaha heeda waxaa lagu yaqaanaa ineey yihiin kuwo caafimaad leh, socodiiya caloosha, nafaqo iyo awood siiya xubnaha jidhka.

Sida ay sheegtay Hay'ada Cuntada Aduunku, sanadkii 2007da heedu waxay mida afaraad ee ugu soo saarka badneyd midhaha firileyda ah, taasi oo wadanada caalamku soo saareen ilaa 136 milyan ton heed ah, isla markaana laga beeray deegaan dhan 566,000 kilomitir labo jibaaran (219,000 mayl labo jibaaran).^[2]

Bayoloji

Heed
	Sawirgacmeed heeda
Kala soocida cilmiga ah
Boqortooyo:	Plantae;
(darajo la'aan):	Angiosperms;
(darajo la'aan):	Monocots;
(darajo la'aan):	Commelinids;
Dirka:	Poales;
Bahka:	Poaceae;
Bahka hoose:	Pooideae;
Qabiilka:	Triticeae;
Duulka:	Hordeum;
Noocyada:	H. vulgare;
Magaca laba-geesoodka ah
	Hordeum vulgare; Carl Linnaeus

Heed

muuqaalka isweydaarka xididaha heeda

Geedka heedu wuxuu xubin ka yahay dhirta cowsleyda ah. Geedkani isaga ayaa isbacarimiya, wuxuuna leeyahay jiinisyo ka kooban 14 koromosoom. Noocyada geedaha ay ka soo tafiirantay heedu waxay si xoogan uga baxaan xoogaga iyo banaanada deegaanda carada nafaqada leh ee Galbeedka Aasiya iyo Koonfurbari Afrika.^[3]

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, cilmibaadis lagu sameeyay asalkii hore iyo raadraaca geedka heeda ayaa wuxuu iskugu biyo shubtay wadanka Tibet oo noqotey meeshii ugu horeeysay ee geedka heeda lagu dhaqan jirey wakhti aad u badan ka hor.^[4]

Dhaqasho

Heeda duurjooga ahi waxay leedahay qolof yuuban, goorta ay qaangaadho qoloftaasi way ka hadhaa, waxaana soo baxa firida oo kali ah. Si taasi ka duwan, heeda la dhaqdo ama dadku beeraan ma lahan qoloftaasi yuuban, taasi oo markaasi ka dhigeeysa fudeeyd goortii la goosan lahaa waa marka eey bislaato ee. Qolof la'aanta heeda la dhaqdo waxaa keenay midowga labo jiinis kuwaasi oo kala ah Bt₁ iyo Bt₂; waana astaan ay leeyihiin dhamaan heeda dadku beertaan.^[5]

Muuqaalka

Muuqaalada Heeda

Qoraalo La Xidhiidha

Tixraac

Barley

↑ Template:ITIS
↑ "Nuqul Archive". Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. La keydiyay asal ahaan 2009-05-08. Soo qaatay 2009-05-18. Barameter aan la aqoon |ciwaan= ignored (caawin)
↑ Zohary, Daniel; Maria Hopf. (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 59–69. ISBN 0-19-850357-1 http://books.google.com/?id=C1H6_XWJS_gC&pg=PA59&vq=barley&dq=Domestication+of+Plants+in+the+Old+World:+The+Origin+and+Spread+of+Cultivated+Plants+in+West+Asia,+Europe,+and+the+Nile+Valley. Maqan ama ebar |title= (caawin)
↑ Dai, F.; Nevo, E.; Wu, D.; Comadran, J.; Zhou, M.; Qiu, L.; Chen, Z.; Beiles, A.; et al. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 109 (42): 16969. doi:10.1073/pnas.1215265109 http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2012/10/01/1215265109.abstract.html?etoc. Maqan ama ebar |title= (caawin)
↑ {clarify|reason=Is it possible to paraphrase "homozygous for the mutant allele" in language a lay person can understand? Even following the two links did not clear up my confusion. I understood this section just fine up to that point.|date=November 2014}

[1] Template:ITIS

[2] "Nuqul Archive". Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. La keydiyay asal ahaan 2009-05-08. Soo qaatay 2009-05-18. Barameter aan la aqoon |ciwaan= ignored (caawin)

[Zohary-3] Zohary, Daniel; Maria Hopf. (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 59–69. ISBN 0-19-850357-1 http://books.google.com/?id=C1H6_XWJS_gC&pg=PA59&vq=barley&dq=Domestication+of+Plants+in+the+Old+World:+The+Origin+and+Spread+of+Cultivated+Plants+in+West+Asia,+Europe,+and+the+Nile+Valley. Maqan ama ebar |title= (caawin)

[Fei_Dai-4] Dai, F.; Nevo, E.; Wu, D.; Comadran, J.; Zhou, M.; Qiu, L.; Chen, Z.; Beiles, A.; et al. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 109 (42): 16969. doi:10.1073/pnas.1215265109 http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2012/10/01/1215265109.abstract.html?etoc. Maqan ama ebar |title= (caawin)

[5] {clarify|reason=Is it possible to paraphrase "homozygous for the mutant allele" in language a lay person can understand? Even following the two links did not clear up my confusion. I understood this section just fine up to that point.|date=November 2014}

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