Gymnophiona

Dermophis mexicanus

Taxonavigation

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Classis: Amphibia
Subclassis: Lissamphibia
Ordo: Gymnophiona
Familiae (10): Caeciliidae – Chikilidae – Dermophiidae – †Eocaecilidae – Grandisoniidae – Herpelidae – Ichthyophiidae – Rhinatrematidae – Scolecomorphidae – Siphonopidae – Typhlonectidae

Name

Gymnophiona Müller, 1832: 198

Synonymy

• Apoda Oppel, 1811: 76 [Apoda Haworth, 1809 (Animalia, Lepidoptera)]

References

Primary references

• Oppel, M. 1811. Die Ordnungen, Familien und Gattungen der Reptilien als Prodrom einer Naturgeschichte derselben. Joseph Lindauer: München. XII + 86 pp. BHL Reference page. 
• Müller, J. 1832. Beiträge zur Anatomie und Naturgeschichte der Amphibien. I. Ueber die natürliche Eintheilung der Amphibien. Zeitschrift für Physiologie 4: 190–275, pl. 18–22. BHL

Additional references

• Taylor, E.H. 1968. The Caecilians of the World: A Taxonomic Review. University of Kansas Press: Lawrence, Kansas. vii + 848 pp. Reference page. 
• Wake, M.H. 1993. Non-traditional characters in the assessment of caecilian phylogenetic relationships. Herpetological Monographs 7: 42–55. DOI: 10.2307/1466950 Reference page. 
• Hass, C.A., Nussbaum, R.A. & Maxson, L.R. 1993. Immunological insights into the evolutionary history of caecilians (Amphibia: Gymnophiona): Relationships of the Seychellean caecilians and a preliminary report on family level relationships. Herpetological Monographs 7: 56–63. DOI: 10.2307/1466951 Reference page. 
• Hedges, S.B., Nussbaum, R.A. & Maxson, L.R. 1993. Caecilian phylogeny and biogeography inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequences of the 12s rRNA and 16S rRNA genes (Amphibia: Gymnophiona). Herpetological Monographs 7: 64–76. DOI: 10.2307/1466952 Reference page. 
• Zardoya, R. & Meyer, A. 2000. Mitochondrial evidence on the phylogenetic position of caecilians (Amphibia: Gymnophiona). Genetics 155(2): 765–775. PDF Reference page. 
• San Mauro, D., Gower, D.J., Oommen, V., Wilkinson, M. & Zardoya, R. 2004. Phylogeny of caecilian amphibians (Gymnohiona) based on complete mitochondrial genomes and nuclear RAG1. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 33(2): 413–427. DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2004.05.014 Reference page. 
• Frost, D.R., Grant, T., Faivovich, J., Bain, R.H., Haas, A., Haddad, C.F.B., de Sá, R.O., Channing, A., Wilkinson, M., Donnellan, S.C., Raxworthy, C.J., Campbell, J.A., Blotto, B.L., Moler, P.E., Drewes, R.C., Nussbaum, R.A., Lynch, J.D., Green, D.M. & Wheeler, W.C. 2006. The amphibian tree of life. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 297: 1–370. DOI: 10.1206/0003-0090(2006)297[0001:TATOL]2.0.CO;2 ; hdl: 2246/5781 . Reference page. 
• Zhang, P. & Wake, M.H. 2009. A mitogenomic perspective on the phylogeny and biogeography of living caecilians (Amphibia: Gymnophiona). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 53(2): 479–491. DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2009.06.018 Reference page. 
• San Mauro, D., Gower, D.J., Massingham, T., Wilkinson, M., Zardoya, R. & Cotton, J.A. 2009. Experimental Design in Caecilian Systematics: Phylogenetic Information of Mitochondrial Genomes and Nuclear rag1. Systematic Biology 58(4): 425–438. DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syp043 Reference page. 
• Wilkinson, M., San Mauro, D., Sherratt, E. & Gower, D.J. 2011. A nine-family classification of caecilians (Amphibia: Gymnophiona). Zootaxa 2874(1): 41–64. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2874.1.3 Reference page. 
• Pyron, R.A. & Wiens, J.J. 2011. A large-scale phylogeny of Amphibia including over 2,800 species, and a revised classification of extant frogs, salamanders, and caecilians. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 61(2): 543–583. DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2011.06.012 Reference page. 
• Kamei, R.G., San Mauro, D., Gower, D.J., Van Bocxlaer, I., Sherratt, E., Thomas, A., Babu, S., Bossuyt, F., Wilkinson, M. & Biju, S.D. 2012. Discovery of a new family of amphibians from northeast India with ancient links to Africa. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279(1737): 2396–2401. DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2012.0150 Reference page. 
• San Mauro, D., Gower, D.J., Cotton, J.A., Zardoya, R., Wilinson, M. & Massingham, T. 2012. Experimental design in phylogenetic: testing predictions from expected information. Systematic Biology 61(4): 661–674. DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/sys028 Reference page. 
• San Mauro, D., Gower, D.J., Müller, H., Loader, S.P., Zardoya, R., Nussbaum, R.A. & Wilinson, M. 2014. Life-history evolution and mitogenomic phylogeny of caecilian amphibians. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 73: 177–189. DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2014.01.009 Reference page. 
• Maddock, S.T., Briscoe, A.G., Wilkinson, M., Waeschenbach, A., San Mauro, D., Day, J.J., Littlewood, D.T.J., Foster, P.G., Nussbaum, R.A. & Gower, D.J. 2016. Next-generation mitogenomics: a comparison of approaches applied to caecilian amphibian phylogeny. PLoS One 11(6): e0156757. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156757 Reference page. 
• Santos, R.O., Laurin, M. & Zaher, H. 2020. A review of the fossil record of caecilians (Lissamphibia: Gymnophionomorpha) with comments on its use to calibrate molecular timetrees. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 131(4): 737–755. DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blaa148 Reference page. 
• Hime, P.M., Lemmon, A.R., Lemmon, E.M., Prendini, E., Brown, J.M., Thomson, R.C., Kratovil, J.D., Noonan, B.P., Pyron, R.A., Peloso, P.L.V., Kortyna, M.L., Keogh, J.S., Donnellan, S.C., Mueller, R.L., Raxworthy, C.J., Kunte, K., Ron, S.R., Das, S., Gaitonde, N., Green, D.M., Labisko, J., Che, J. & Weisrock, D.W. 2021. Phylogenomics reveals ancient gene tree discordance in the amphibian tree of life. Systematic Biology 70(1): 49–66 DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syaa034 Reference page. 

Vernacular names

беларуская: Бязногія земнаводныя
български: Безкраки
dansk: Ormepadder
Deutsch: Schleichenlurche
English: Caecilians
español: Gimnofiones
suomi: Matosammakot
français: Gymnophiones
magyar: Lábatlan kétéltűek
日本語: 無足目
Nederlands: Wormsalamanders
norsk: Ormepadder
polski: P?azybeznogie
português: Gimnofionos
svenska: Maskgroddjur
ไทย: เขียดงู
Türkçe: Bacaksız kurbağalar
中文: 无足目

For more multimedia, look at Gymnophiona on Wikimedia Commons.