Shamanizmi

Shamanizmi është një praktikë fetare që përfshin një praktikues (shaman) që ndërvepron me botën shpirtërore përmes gjendjeve të ndryshuara të ndërgjegjes, siç është ekstaza . ^[1] ^[2] Qëllimi i kësaj është zakonisht të drejtojë shpirtrat ose energjitë shpirtërore në botën fizike me qëllim shërimi, parashikimi, ose për të ndihmuar qeniet njerëzore në ndonjë mënyrë tjetër. ^[1]

Besimet dhe praktikat e kategorizuara si "shamanike" kanë tërhequr interesin e studiuesve nga një sërë disiplinash, duke përfshirë antropologë, arkeologë, historianë, studiues të studimeve fetare, filozofë dhe psikologë. Qindra libra dhe punime akademike mbi këtë temë janë prodhuar, me një revistë akademike të vlerësuar nga kolegët që i është kushtuar studimit të shamanizmit.

Në shekullin e 20-të, perëndimorët jo- indigjenë të përfshirë në lëvizjet kundërkulturore, të tilla si hipitë dhe Epoka e Re krijuan praktika moderne magjike fetare të ndikuar nga idetë e tyre për fetë e ndryshme indigjene, duke krijuar atë që është quajtur neoshamanizëm ose lëvizje neoshamaniste. ^[3] Ajo ka ndikuar në zhvillimin e shumë praktikave neopagane, si dhe është përballur me një reagim dhe akuza për përvetësim kulturor, ^[4] shfrytëzim dhe keqinterpretim kur vëzhguesit e jashtëm janë përpjekur të praktikojnë ceremonitë e tyre, ose përfaqësojnë, kulturat shekullore të cilave ata nuk i përkasin. ^[5]

Shih edhe

Referime

^ ^a ^b Singh, Manvir (2018). "The cultural evolution of shamanism". Behavioral and Brain Sciences. 41: e66: 1–61. doi:10.1017/S0140525X17001893. PMID 28679454. {{cite journal}}: Mungon ose është bosh parametri |language= (Ndihmë!)
^ Mircea Eliade; Vilmos Diószegi (12 maj 2020). "Shamanism". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica. Marrë më 20 maj 2020. Shamanism, religious phenomenon centred on the shaman, a person believed to achieve various powers through trance or ecstatic religious experience. Although shamans' repertoires vary from one culture to the next, they are typically thought to have the ability to heal the sick, to communicate with the otherworld, and often to escort the souls of the dead to that otherworld. {{cite web}}: Mungon ose është bosh parametri |language= (Ndihmë!)
^ Gredig, Florian (2009). Finding New Cosmologies. Berlin: Lit Verlag Dr. W. Hopf. {{cite book}}: Mungon ose është bosh parametri |language= (Ndihmë!)
^ Kehoe, Alice Beck (2000). Shamans and religion : an anthropological exploration in critical thinking. Prospect Heights, Ill.: Waveland Press. ISBN 978-1-57766-162-7. {{cite book}}: Mungon ose është bosh parametri |language= (Ndihmë!)
^ Wernitznig, Dagmar, Europe's Indians, Indians in Europe: European Perceptions and Appropriations of Native American Cultures from Pocahontas to the Present. University Press of America, 2007: p.132. "What happens further in the Plastic Shaman's [fictitious] story is highly irritating from a perspective of cultural hegemony. The Injun elder does not only willingly share their spirituality with the white intruder but, in fact, must come to the conclusion that this intruder is as good an Indian as they are themselves. Regarding Indian spirituality, the Plastic Shaman even out-Indians the actual ones. The messianic element, which Plastic Shamanism financially draws on, is installed in the Yoda-like elder themselves. They are the ones - while melodramatically parting from their spiritual offshoot - who urge the Plastic Shaman to share their gift with the rest of the world. Thus Plastic Shamans wipe their hands clean of any megalomaniac or missionizing undertones. Licensed by the authority of an Indian elder, they now have every right to spread their wisdom, and if they make (quite more than) a buck with it, then so be it.--The neocolonial ideology attached to this scenario leaves less room for cynicism."

[:0-1] Singh, Manvir (2018). "The cultural evolution of shamanism". Behavioral and Brain Sciences. 41: e66: 1–61. doi:10.1017/S0140525X17001893. PMID 28679454. {{cite journal}}: Mungon ose është bosh parametri |language= (Ndihmë!)

[2] Mircea Eliade; Vilmos Diószegi (12 maj 2020). "Shamanism". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica. Marrë më 20 maj 2020. Shamanism, religious phenomenon centred on the shaman, a person believed to achieve various powers through trance or ecstatic religious experience. Although shamans' repertoires vary from one culture to the next, they are typically thought to have the ability to heal the sick, to communicate with the otherworld, and often to escort the souls of the dead to that otherworld. {{cite web}}: Mungon ose është bosh parametri |language= (Ndihmë!)

[3] Gredig, Florian (2009). Finding New Cosmologies. Berlin: Lit Verlag Dr. W. Hopf. {{cite book}}: Mungon ose është bosh parametri |language= (Ndihmë!)

[Waveland_Press-4] Kehoe, Alice Beck (2000). Shamans and religion : an anthropological exploration in critical thinking. Prospect Heights, Ill.: Waveland Press. ISBN 978-1-57766-162-7. {{cite book}}: Mungon ose është bosh parametri |language= (Ndihmë!)

[Wernitznig2-5] Wernitznig, Dagmar, Europe's Indians, Indians in Europe: European Perceptions and Appropriations of Native American Cultures from Pocahontas to the Present. University Press of America, 2007: p.132. "What happens further in the Plastic Shaman's [fictitious] story is highly irritating from a perspective of cultural hegemony. The Injun elder does not only willingly share their spirituality with the white intruder but, in fact, must come to the conclusion that this intruder is as good an Indian as they are themselves. Regarding Indian spirituality, the Plastic Shaman even out-Indians the actual ones. The messianic element, which Plastic Shamanism financially draws on, is installed in the Yoda-like elder themselves. They are the ones - while melodramatically parting from their spiritual offshoot - who urge the Plastic Shaman to share their gift with the rest of the world. Thus Plastic Shamans wipe their hands clean of any megalomaniac or missionizing undertones. Licensed by the authority of an Indian elder, they now have every right to spread their wisdom, and if they make (quite more than) a buck with it, then so be it.--The neocolonial ideology attached to this scenario leaves less room for cynicism."

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