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Јапански
Јапански
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Изговор
Etymology 1
Derived in the Heian period from writing the man'yōgana kanji 奈 in the cursive sōsho style.
Syllable
な (na)
- The hiragana syllable な (na). Its equivalent in katakana is ナ (na). It is the twenty-први syllable in the gojūon order; its position is な行あ段 (na-gyō a-dan, “row na, section a”).
See also
- (Хирагана) 平仮名; あぁ, いぃ, うぅゔ, えぇ, おぉ, かゕが, きぎ, くぐ, けゖげ, こご, さざ, しじ, すず, せぜ, そぞ, ただ, ちぢ, つっづ, てで, とど, な, に, ぬ, ね, の, はばぱ, ひびぴ, ふぶぷ, へべぺ, ほぼぽ, ま, み, む, め, も, やゃ, ゆゅ, よょ, ら, り, る, れ, ろ, わゎ, ゐ, ゑ, を, ん, ー, ゝ, ゞ, ゟ
Etymology 2
Probably derived from mild emphatic interjection and sentence-final particle ね, itself from Old Japanese, indicating a general sense of admiration or consideration, or hope that the preceding statement comes to pass.
Interjection
な (na)
- (masculine, informal, mild emphatic) used to get someone's attention, generally carries neutral or slightly positive connotations
Particle
な (na)
Usage notes
Often used when you are speaking to yourself, and can be considered less formal than the agreement-asking particle ね.
Etymology 3
/ni aru/ → /naru/ → /na/
From Old Japanese. Originally an abbreviation of に (ni, particle) + ある (aru, the attributive form of classical あり ari, “to be”).[1]
Particle
な (na)
- copula particle used after 形容動詞 (keiyōdōshi, often referred to in English teaching texts as -na adjective, literally “adjective verb”) to make them function as adjectives
Usage notes
The older なる (naru) form is still used to impart a more formal, archaic, or poetic sense.
Descendants
- → Енглески: な-adjective
Etymology 4
From Old Japanese. Probably the root na of the negative adjective ない (nai).[2][3] An alternative theory is that this is the imperfective conjugation of negative auxiliary verb ず (zu).[2]
First cited to the Nihon Shoki of 720.[2]
Particle
な (na)
- [from 720] (masculine in modern Japanese, informal, added after the dictionary form of a verb) indicates prohibition: don't
Usage notes
Considered very informal and potentially brusque depending on tone of voice. This would never be used in polite conversation, where the construction ～ないで下さい (~naide kudasai) would be used instead, appended to the imperfective stem of the verb in question. Examples:
- Addressing close friends, children, or possibly subordinates:
- するな。 ― suru na. ― Don't do that.
- Addressing anyone else:
- しないでください。 ― shinaide kudasai. ― (Please) Don't do that.
Etymology 5
Clipping of polite imperative auxiliary verb form なさい (nasai).
Suffix
な (-na)
- (informal, added after the stem form of a verb) indicates an imperative statement or command: do
Usage notes
- A casual way of issuing commands; not as rough as the imperative conjugation of a verb.
- Usage is restricted to addressing friends, children, or subordinates.
- 食べな ― tabena ― Eat!
- У говорном јапанском, забрана на и императив на такође се разликују по обрасцима акцента висине тона. За прохибитивно на , висина на суфиксу прати висину на основи глагола; а за императив на висина је већа него на глаголској основи.
Synonyms
Roughly in order of politeness:
Etymology 6
The readings of various kanji, as derived from native Japonic roots.
| За изговор и дефиниције な – see the following entries: 名, 字, 菜, 汝, 無, 七 |
(The following entries are uncreated: 名, 字, 菜, 汝, 無, 七.)
Etymology 7
The readings of various kanji, as borrowed from Chinese.
| За изговор и дефиниције な – see the following entries: 那, 南, 奈, 娜, 懦 |
(The following entries are uncreated: 那, 南, 奈, 娜, 懦.)
References
- ↑ Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Јапански), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
- ↑ 2,0 2,1 2,2 “な”, in 日本国語大辞典 (Nihon Kokugo Daijiten, “Nihon Kokugo Daijiten”)[1] (in Јапански), 2nd edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 2000, →ISBN
- ↑ 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN 4-385-13905-9
Old Japanese
Etymology 1
Possibly cognate with modern Корејски 날 (nal, “blade”).
Listed in various sources as the na portion in the term 刀 (katana), with the na described as meaning 刃 (“blade, edge”).[1][2][3] However, there is no historical attestation for any na reading for this character.
Noun
な (na)
- any sharp and thin cutting implement: a blade, edge
- c. 759, Man'yōshū (book 4, poem 616),[4] text here
- 劔大刀名惜雲吾者無君爾不相而年之經去禮者
- turugi₁-tati na no₂ wosike₁ku mo ware pa nasi ki₁mi₁ ni apazute to₂si no₂ pe₂nureba
- I do not even miss precious you, given the years that have passed without meeting with you.
- [Note: turugi₁-tati (literally “double-edged longsword”) is a pillow word establishing a poetic association with the following na, literally meaning blade or edge and alluding to sharpness and importance. This na could also elliptically mean 名 (na, “name”) or even 汝 (na, “you”) depending on context, based on the homophonic readings.]
- c. 759, Man'yōshū (book 4, poem 616),[4] text here
Descendants
Etymology 2
Noun
な (na)
- middle
- 720, Nihon Shoki:
- 三國坂中井:Шаблон:sub
- Nawi in Mikuni (read 中 as na)
- 天渟中渟:Шаблон:sub原瀛眞人天皇
- The Emperor Ama-no₂-nunahara oki₁ no₂ mabi₁to₂ (read 中 as nuna)
- 譯語田渟中倉太珠敷尊
- WOSADA NO₂ NUna KURA NO₂ PUTO₁ TAMASIKI₁ NO₂ MI₁KO₂TO₂
- A son of Kinmei Tennō.
Derived terms
- 中 (naka)
Etymology 3
Possibly an apophonic form of の (no₂), from assimilation with adjacency to vowels such as a or u. Usage is mostly restricted to fixed expressions like 掌 (tanagokoro, “palm of the hand”, parsed as ta “hand” + na [possessive] + kokoro “heart, center”, changing to gokoro due to rendaku), due to such assimilation.
Vovin (2020, pp. 119-123) suggests that this may instead be a plural marker, which is supported by some terms changing due to rendaku, typically a contraction of -no₂- or -ni-.
Particle
な (na)
- genitive case marker
Derived terms
See also
Etymology 4
Various other terms.
Noun
な (na)
Pronoun
な (na)
- 汝: first-person singular pronoun: I, me; second-person singular pronoun: you, thou
- 己, 汝: third-person reflexive pronoun: one, oneself, itself
References
- ↑ Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Јапански), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
- ↑ 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN 4-385-13905-9
- ↑ 1995, 大辞泉 (Daijisen) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN 4-09-501211-0
- ↑ Satake, Akihiro with Hideo Yamada, Rikio Kudō, Masao Ōtani, and Yoshiyuki Yamazaki (c. 759) Shin Nihon Koten Bungaku Taikei 1: Man’yōshū 1 (in Јапански), Tōkyō: Iwanami Shoten, published 1999, →ISBN.