Geisha

Geisha (芸者, Geisha^? geisha, harti literatur jalma-seni, atawa jalma di widang seni) nyaéta artis-penghibur tradisional Jepang. Di wewengkon Kansai watesanna Geiko (芸妓, Geiko^?) sarta memeh jadi geisha, Maiko (舞妓, Maiko^?) geus aya saprak Restorasi Meiji. Geisha ilahar dina abad ka-18 jeung ka-19; nepi ka ayeuna masih aya, sanajan jumlahna beuki ngurangan.

Karakter keur Geisha, harti literatur. "jalma seni".

Watesan

"Geisha," diucapkeun /ˈgeɪ ʃa/ ("gei-" rhymes with "may") ilahar dipaké ku watesan nu ngomong Basa Inggris, sanajan ilahar ogé dipaké dina Basa Jepang. Saperti sakabéh kecap barang dina Basa Jepang, taya bédana antara tunggal jeung jamak.

Sajarah jeung evolusi

Geisha aslina tukang ngahibur profesional, tur dina aslina lolobana lalaki. Sedengkeun dina rengking istri simpenan profesional nyadiakeun hiburan seks, geisha ngagunakeun kamampuhna dina seni tradisional Jepang, musik, nari jeung ngadongeng. Kota (machi) geisha digawe lepas di luar parteyna di sababaraha "pleasure quarters", sedengkeun quarter (kuruwa) geisha ngahibur dina pesta di pléasure quarters. Saprak kamampuan artis istri simpenan kelas luhur turun, kamampu geisha, boh lalaki atawa awewem jadi leuwih diperlukeun.

Lalaki geisha (kadangkala disebut hōkan) jumlah terus turun, sarta 1800 geisha awewe (aslina disebut onna geisha, hartina geisha awewe) jumlahna tilu kali jumlah geisha lalaki, sarta "geisha" jadi dianggap kamampuh awewe penghibur, saperti kiwari.

Sacara tradisional, geisha dilatih basa umurna ngora pisan. Budak awewe dijual ka imah geisha, sarta mimiti dilatih seni tradisional.

Keur leutik, geisha kadangkla digawe mimiti salaku pembantu atawa asisten geisha nu pangalaman sarta jadi geisha magang (maiko) salila latihan. Latihan tradisional ieu aya saperti tradisi séjénna di Jepang, lamun pelajar cicing di imah, mimiti ku ngagawekuen pagawéan imah sarta mantuan nu boga imah, sarta lila-lila manéhna bakal jadi nu boga imah.

Salila jadi Geisha, teu kudu nembongkeun aktivitas seksual.

Geisha modern

Wewengkon Gion geiko (hanamachi) di Kyoto, Jepang

Geisha modérn masih kénéh hirup kumbuh di imah tradisional geisha disebut okiya di wewengkon nu disebut hanamachi (花街 "kota kembang"), sacara husus salila magang, tapi lolobana geisha nu geus pangalaman leuwih milih cicing di imahna sorangan. Budaya-dunya nu luhur éta geisha disebut karyūkai (花柳界 "the flower and willow world").

Wanoja nu hayang jadi geisha lolobana mimiti latihan sanggeus tamat SMP, lolobana sanggeus tamat SMA atawa diploma, lolobana mimiti karirna dina mangsa dewasa. Geisha masih diajar alat musik tradisional saperti shamisen, shakuhachi (suling), sarta gendang, salian ti nembang, tari tradisional Jepang, acara nginum téh ala Jepang, sajarah jeung sastra. Ku cara diajar ti geisha séjén, sarta diajarkeun nu boga imah, geisha nu dialajar éta bakal mibanda kamampuh tradisi nu kuat dina milih sarta makekimono, tur dina ngalayanan pelangganna.

Di Kyoto nepi ka kiwari masih nyepeng pageuh tradisi geisha, dua tempat prestise jeung wewengkon tradisional, Gion jeung Pontochō. Geisha di ieu wewengkon disebut geiko. Di Tokyo hanamachi Shimbashi, Asakusa tur Kagurazaka ogé tempat nu dipikanyaho.

Di Jepang mangsa kiwari, hésé manggihan geisha jeung maiko saluareun Kyoto. Dina taun 1920-an leuwih ti 80,000 geisha di Jepang, tapi kiwari loba ngurangan - jumlahna kurang leuwih 10,000. Sanajan kitu, wisatawan nu datang ka wewengkon Gion Kyoto bsa panggih jeung maiko di jalan atawan ku cara janjian. Ekonomi nu seret, nurunkeun minat kana seni tradisional, kembang jeung tatangkalan nu huripna teu tangtu, tur béaya nu diperlukeun ku geisha jadi sabab nurunna minat kana seni seni tradisional.

Rujukan

• Dalby, Liza Crihfield (1983). Geisha. Berkeley, California, United States: University of California Press
• Foreman, Kelly M. (2002). "The Role of Music in the Lives and Identities of Japanese Geisha." Ph.D. dissertation. Kent, Ohio, United States: Kent State University.
• Foreman, Kelly M. (2005). 'Bad Girls Confined: Okuni, Geisha, and the Negotiation of Female Performance Space,' in Bad Girls of Japan, edited by Laura Miller and Jan Bardsley. Palgrave MacMillain Press.
• Manabu Miyazaki (2005). Toppamono: Outlaw. Radical. Suspect. My Life in Japan's Underworld. Kotan Publishing. ISBN 0-9701716-2-5.
• BBC television documentary Geisha Girl. First shown on UK channel BBC Four in January 2006.
• Naomi Graham-Diaz. "Make-Up of Geisha and Maiko". Immortal Geisha (2001). link Archived 2010-02-09 di Wayback Machine - last accessed on January 19, 2005.

Tempo ogé

Sing-song girls Kisaeng Tayu Yujo Jokyu Liza Dalby Mineko Iwasaki A Geisha (祇園囃子, Gion bayashi) is a 1953 Japanese film directed by Kenji Mizoguchi. It stars Michiyo Kogure as Miyoharu, the eponymous geisha. Memoirs of a Geisha, a fictional novel and film Japanese téa ceremony

Yumi Ishiyama (a character from the French animated television series Code Lyoko, whose Lyoko attire is that of a geisha's) Kanzashi Kimono Oiran, a traditional japanese prostitute Saburuko Shirabyoshi Taikomochi Geisha of Gion by Mineko Iwasaki, an autobiography (also published as Geisha, a Life)

Tumbu kaluar

• The flower and willow world "Hanamachi" (German)
• Cohen, Kathleen, "Geisha History Archived 2005-03-10 di Wayback Machine". School of Art and Design. San José State University.
• Patterson, Sofia, "Karyukai Archived 2006-04-24 di Wayback Machine"
• Japonismo.com Traditional and modérn Japanese culture, with a section dedicated to geishas "Geisha, arte y tradición" (Spanish).

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