Mtindo wa Kigothi

Mtindo wa Kigothi (pia: Gotiki, kwa Kiingereza: Gothic style, Gothic architecture) katika usanifu majengo wa Ulaya ni mtindo ulioanza katika karne ya 12 na kutumika hadi mnamo 1500. Mtindo huo ulichukua nafasi ya mtindo wa Kiroma uliotumika kabla yake. Ulionekana pia katika matawi mengine ya sanaa. Katika karne ya 19 ulitumika upya kwa majengo makubwa katika mtindo wa Kigothi mamboleo.

Kanisa Kuu la Reims (Ufaransa) ni kielelezo cha mtindo wa Kigothi

Nuru inajaza nafasi zote ndani ya Kanisa Kuu la Prague (Ucheki) ikipita kwenye madirisha makubwa. Tao la kuchongoka linatumiwa kote.

Shabaha ya mtindo wa Kigothi

Vyanzo vya mtindo huo vilipatikana katika mabadiliko ya majengo yaliyobuniwa kufuatana na mtindo wa Kiroma na pia ubunifu wa nchi za Kiislamu.

Badiliko kubwa lilikuwa ni kupatikana kwa mwanga ulioweza kufika ndani ya jengo kupitia madirisha makubwa. Hapo wajenzi walihitaji kubuni njia za kupunguza unene wa kuta na nguzo bila kuhatarisha uthabiti wa jengo.

Shabaha ya ubunifu huo kwenye majengo ya kidini ilikuwa kuvuta roho ya waumini kuelekea juu.

Viashiria vya mtindo wa Kigothi

Viegemezo vya kuimarisha sehemu ya paa ya kanisa la Kigothi huko Lübeck, Ujerumani

Kuba ubavu za dari ya ukumbi wa kigothi

Sehemu za uundaji wa jengo kubwa la Kigothi

Kuna viashiria vitatu ambavyo vyote kwa pamoja vinatofautisha majengo makubwa ya Kigothi na mitindo mingine:

• tao la kuchongoka (ing. pointed arch)
• Kuba ubavu (ing. rib vault)
• Kiegemezo cha nje (ing. flying buttress) yaani gadimu za nje za kuhimili uzito wa ukuta na paa.

Viashiria hivyo viliwawezesha wajenzi wa karne ya 12-13 kujenga majengo makubwa yenye nafasi kubwa ndani yake yaliyoruhusu kuingia kwa nuru nyingi iwezekanavyo kutokea nje. Madirisha yalipambwa kwa vioo vya rangi vilivyowapa wasanii nafasi ya kuonyesha habari za Biblia, za watakatifu au watu muhimu katika kanisa na serikali na hivyo kuwaelimisha waumini.

Changamoto ya kujenga ukumbi mkubwa wenye nuru ndani yake ilikuwa kuweka madirisha makubwa, ambayo kimsingi ni matundu yanayodhoofisha ukuta, bila kuhatarisha uthabiti wa jengo lote. Katika mitindo ya awali kama ya Kiroma kuongezeka kwa kimo kulihitaji kuwa na ukuta mnene na nguzo kubwa. Mifumo iliyotajwa iliruhusu kugawa uzito wa dari na jengo lote kugawiwa na kubebwa kupitia matao ya kuchongoka, bavu za kuba na gadimu za nje zilizokopea kani za masi ya juu. Wajenzi walihitaji elimu kubwa kuhusu mahitaji ya mahali pa jengo na misingi yake pamoja na kanuni za fizikia ya jengo.

Tabia zilizotajwa zinapatikana hasa katika makanisa mengi yaliyojengwa kote Ulaya katika karne za kati, lakini ilitumiwa pia kwenye majengo mengine kama kumbi za monasteri au shirika za wafanyabiashara kwenye miji, maboma ya watawala, vyuo vikuu au kwa kiasi tu kwenye majengo ya watu binafsi waliokuwa na utajiri wa kutosha wa kujenga kwa mawe na kwa kumwajiri mjenzi hodari.

Jina "Kigothi"

Wakati wake (kwenye karne za kati) mtindo huo uliitwa mara nyingi "wa Kifaransa" kwa sababu mifano yake ya kwanza ilitokea nchini Ufaransa. Baadaye wakati wa zama za mwamko (renaissance) kulikuwa na kipindi ambako watu waliona ni mtindo ambao haupendezi maana walilenga kurudia roho na ubunifu wa nyakati za kale. Hapo waliita mtindo mkuu wa karne za kati "wa Kigothi" kwa maana ya "wa kishenzi" maana waliamini ya kwamba uzuri wa Dola la Roma ya Kale uliharibiwa na makabila ya Kigermanik kama Wagothi na tokeo la uharibifu huo ni mtindo waliouita "wa Kigothi".

Marejeo

• Bony, Jean (1983). French Gothic Architecture of the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries. Oakland, United States (California): University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-02831-7.
• Ching, Francis D.K. (2012). A Visual Dictionary of Architecture (tol. la 2nd). John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN 978-0-470-64885-8.
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• Fiske, Kimball (1943). The Creation of the Rococo. Philadelphia, United States (Pennsylvania): Philadelphia Museum of Art.
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• Harvey, John (1950). The Gothic World, 1100–1600. London, United Kingdom (England): Batsford. ISBN 9780002552288.
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  • Chapter: The Middle Ages, written by Nicola Coldstream
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Marejeo mengine

• Fletcher, Banister; Cruickshank, Dan, Sir Banister Fletcher's a History of Architecture, Architectural Press, 20th edition, 1996 (first published 1896). ISBN 0-7506-2267-9. Cf. Part Two, Chapter 14.
• Bumpus, T. Francis (1928). The Cathedrals and Churches of Belgium. London, United Kingdom (England): T. Werner Laurie. ISBN 9781313401852.
• Clifton-Taylor, Alec (1967). The Cathedrals of England. London, United Kingdom (England): Thames and Hudson. ISBN 0-500-18070-9.
• Gardner, Helen; Kleiner, Fred S.; Mamiya, Christin J. (2004). Gardner's Art Through the Ages. Stamford, United States (Connecticut): Thomson Wadsworth. ISBN 0-15-505090-7.
• Harvey, John (1961). English Cathedrals. United Kingdom (England): Batsford. ASIN B0000CL4S8.
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      .

• Icher, Francois (1998). Building the Great Cathedrals. New York City, United States (New York): Abrams Books. ISBN 0-8109-4017-5.
• von Simson, Otto Georg (1988). The Gothic cathedral: origins of Gothic architecture and the medieval concept of order. ISBN 0-691-09959-6.
• Glaser, Stephanie, "The Gothic Cathedral and Medievalism," in: Falling into Medievalism, ed. Anne Lair and Richard Utz. Special Issue of UNIversitas: The University of Northern Iowa Journal of Research, Scholarship, and Creative Activity, 2.1 (2006). (on the Gothic revival of the 19th century and the depictions of Gothic cathedrals in the Arts)
• Moore, Charles (1890). Development & Character of Gothic Architecture. Macmillan and Co. ISBN 1-4102-0763-3.
• Rudolph, Conrad ed., A Companion to Medieval Art: Romanesque and Gothic in Northern Europe, 2nd ed. (2016)
• Tonazzi, Pascal (2007) Florilège de Notre-Dame de Paris (anthologie), Editions Arléa, Paris, ISBN 2-86959-795-9
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• Summerson, John (1983). Pelican Books (mhr.). Architecture in Britain, 1530–1830. London, United Kingdom (England). ISBN 0-14-056003-3.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
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• Tatton-Brown, Tim; Crook, John (2002). The English Cathedral. New Holland Publishers. ISBN 1-84330-120-2.

Viungo vya nje

Gothic architecture travel guide kutoka Wikisafiri

• Mapping Gothic France, a project by Columbia University and Vassar College with a database of images, 360° panoramas, texts, charts and historical maps
• Gothic Architecture Encyclopædia Britannica
• Holbeche Bloxam, Matthew (1841). Gothic Ecclesiastical Architecture, Elucidated by Question and Answer. Gutenberg.org, from Project Gutenberg
• Brandon, Raphael; Brandon, Arthur (1849). An analysis of Gothick architecture: illustrated by a series of upwards of seven hundred examples of doorways, windows, etc., and accompanied with remarks on the several details of an ecclesiastical edifice. Archive.org, from Internet Archive