Fundo yikuru ya dango la ŵanthu wose njakuti likovwira ŵanthu ŵanandi. Makhoti gha Common law ghakughanaghanira ivyo makhoti ghakasankha kale kuti ghaŵike fundo za mu malango mu milandu yakale. Fundo yakuti milandu yikeruzgike mwakuyana na fundo izo zikukolerana mwakuti fundo zakuyana zifumenge mwakuyanako, yikukolerananga na dango la dango.[1] Usange khoti likasanga kuti nkhani yakuyana waka na iyo yilipo sono, likwenera kulondezga fundo izo zikayowoyeka mu cakweruzga ca pacanya. Ndipouli, para khoti likusanga kuti mulandu uwu ukupambana na milandu yinyake yose iyo yikambapo kale ("pantchito yakwamba"), ndipo malango ghakuyowoyapo yayi panji ghakulongosora makora yayi, ŵeruzgi ndiwo ŵali na mazaza na mulimo wa kumazga mulandu uwu. Fundo iyo mweruzgi wakupeleka ku ŵeruzgi awo ŵakweruzga milandu iyo yachitika kale.[2]

  1. Karl Llewellyn, The Common Law Tradition: Deciding Appeals at 77–87, Little, Brown, Boston MA (1960)
  2. Marbury v. Madison, 5 U.S. 137 (1803) ("It is emphatically the province and duty of the judicial department to say what the law is. Those who apply the rule to particular cases, must of necessity expound and interpret that rule. If two laws conflict with each other, the courts must decide on the operation of each.")
Mifumo(ma system) ya malango ya vyaru. Vyaru ivyo vili na dango la pose vili na mitundu ya uchesamu mwakuyana na mtundu wa dango la pose.
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