Wikipedia

Afrikaners

Afrikafoɔ (Afrikaans: [afriˈkɑːnərs]) yɛ South Africa abusua bi a wofi Dutchfoɔ a wodii kan baa Cape of Good Hope wɔ afe apem ahansia aduonum mmienu (1652)[1] mu. Ɛde besi afe apem ahankron aduokron nnan (1994) no, na waɔdi South Africa amanyɔsɛm ne ɔman no adwadie ho adwuma so.[2] Afrikafoɔ yɛ South Afrikafoɔ dodoɔ no ara mu bɛyɛ ɔha nkyɛ mu

Afrikaners
Afrikaners
Afrikaner children in Namibia playing tug of war

nnum akyiri pɔ mmienu (5.2%) a wɔgyina White South Africans a wɔka Afrikaans sɛ wɔn kasa a edi kan wɔ South African National Census a wɔyɛɛ no mfeɛ mpem mmeinu ne dubaako 2011 no so.[3] Afrikaans, South Africa kasa a ɛtɔ so mmiɛnsa a wɔka no wɔ fie no,[4] ɛbɛyɛɛ Afrikafo ne Cape Colouredfoɔ dodoɔ no ara kasa.[2] Ɛfirii South Holland kasa a Dutchfoɔ ka no mu,[5][6] wɔde nsɛmfua a nkoa de firi Dutch East Indies (seesei Indonesia) ne Madagascar baa hɔ.[7]

Berɛ a Portuguesefoɔ mu nhwehwɛmufoɔ Vasco da Gama beduru Calicut, India, wɔ afe apem ahanan aduokron nwɔtwe1(498) mu no, ɔtumi faa Cape of Good Hope no so firii Europa Atɔeɛ fam kɔɔ Asia; nanso, na ɛho hia nso sɛ wosiesie aguadibea wɔ Apueɛ fam.[1] Portuguesefo no duru Mossel Bay wɔ afe apem ahanum 1500) mu, na mfe mmienu akyiri no, wɔkɔɔ Table Bay, na afe apem ahanum ne du (1510) mu no, wofirii aseɛ sɛ wɔrekɔto ahyɛ asase ase.[8] Ɛno akyi berɛ tiawa bi no, Netherlands man no somaa adwadifoɔ ahyɛn kɔɔ India, na wɔ afe apem ahansia ne mmienu (1602) mu no, wɔtee Dutch East India Company (Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie; VOC).[9] Berɛ a akwantuo a na atwa Cape ho ahyia no kɔɔ so dɔɔso no, VOC huiɛ sɛ ɛhɔ po so hyɛn gyinabea no yɛ baabi a ɛfata a wobetumi afa akɔ Afrika akɔ Apueiɛ fam, na wɔtee aduane gyinabea wɔ hɔ wɔ afe apem ahansia ne aduonum mmienu (1652) mu.[1] Na VOC mpanimfoɔ mpɛ sɛ Europefoɔ bɛtena wɔn adwadie aman no mu daa, ɛwɔ mu sɛ wɔ mfeɛ ɔha ne aduanan (140) a na Netherlandfoɔ adi wɔn so no, na VOC asomfo pii atu wɔn ho ama anaa wɔagyae adwuma no, na wɔkɔɔ so yɛɛ adwuma sɛ ɔman mma.[9] Afei nso, na ɛsɛ sɛ wɔde nnoɔma a wɔde ma asraafoɔ a wɔwɔ mpɔtam hɔ ne ahyɛnkuo a wɔretwam no hyɛ aban no ma wɔma adwumayɛfoɔ no hokwan a wɔde yɛ adwuma a wɔn ankasa ntumi nyɛ ho adwuma.[10]

Ɛsiane sɛ saa nhwehwɛmu yi kɔɔ yie nti, adwumakuwo no maa Dutchfoɔ mmusua a wɔpɛ sɛ wɔkɔtena Cape no kwan a wɔremfa kwan biara mfiri afe apem ahansia aduowɔtwe nnum (1685) kɔsi afe apem ahanson ne nson (1707).[10] Wɔ afe apem ahansia aduowɔtwe nwɔtwe (1688) mu no, ɛboaa Huguenotfoɔ 200 a wofi France a Fontainebleau Mmara no maa wɔpam wɔn kɔɔ aman foforo so.[11] Nsɛm a Huguenotfoɔ no gye toom sɛ wobetu akɔ hɔ no yɛ nea na wɔde ma VOC afoforo no ara, a na ebi ne kwan a wɔfa so kɔ hɔ kwa ne afuo mu nnoɔma a wɔhwehwɛ wɔ boseabɔ mu. Mmɔden a na wɔayɛ deda sɛ wɔbɛdua bobe nturo anaa wɔbɛnya ngodua afiri mu no anyɛ yie, na na wɔhwɛ kwan sɛ Huguenotfoɔ a na wɔnim Mediterranea asase no so mfuo no bɛtumi adi nkonim wɔ baabi a na Dutchfoɔ adi nkoguo no.[12] Na VOC asraafoɔ a wofirir Asia resane aba wɔn nkyɛn no ka wɔn ho, na na wɔn mu dodoɔ no ara yɛ Germanyfoɔ a wɔnam kuo no adwuma kɛse a wɔde gye adwumayɛfoɔ no so de wɔn kɔɔ Amsterdam na afei wɔkɔɔ amannɔne.[13][14] Ɛmfa ho sɛ na wɔn mu pii firi aman ahodoɔ so no, na wɔn nyinaa ka kasa baako, na na wɔn nso wɔ adwene a ɛte saa wɔ amanyɔsɛm ho.[15] Su ahodoɔ a na wɔwɔ no bɛyɛɛ Afrikafoɔ su ne wɔn adwene a ɛkɔɔ so no nnyinasoɔ.[16]

Afrikaaners amammerɛ agye din wɔ amanyɔkuo ne ahintasɛm mu, te sɛ Broederbond wɔ afeha a ɛto so aduonu mu. Wɔ afe apem ahankron ne dunan (1914) mu no, wɔhyehyɛɛ Ɔman Kuo no sɛ wɔmfa nhyɛ Afrikafoɔ sikasɛm mu ahiadeɛ ho nkuran na wɔmpam South Africa mfiri United Kingdom ho. Berɛ a wonyaa animuonyam bere a wodii 1948 abatoɔ no so nkonim no, wɔsane nso hunuu no sɛ ɔde nnipa mu nyiyim (apartheid) ho mmara a ɛyɛ den sii hɔ berɛ a berɛ koro no ara ɔpae mu kae sɛ South Africa yɛ ɔman bi wɔ afe apem ahankron aduosia baako (1961) mu na ɔtwee ne ho fiiri Britain Amanaman Nkabom no mu no.[1] Wɔpamoo Ɔman Kuw no wɔ afe apem ahankron aduokron nnan (1994) mu berɛ a aman ntam basabasayɛ ne amanaman ntam nhyɛsoɔ a ɛkɔɔ so mfeɛ pii akyi no maa aman mmienu ntam nsɛnnennen baa awiei wɔ apartheid ne South Africa amammuisɛm a edi kan a wɔyɛɛ no wɔ aman pii mu no mu.[17]

Din Ahodoɔ A Wɔde Frɛ Wɔn

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Asɛmfua "Afrikaner" (kane no na ɛtɔ da bi a wɔde Afrikaander anaa Afrikaaner, a ɛfiri Dutch Afrikaander[18]) kyerɛ amanyɔsɛm mu, amammerɛ mu ne asetena mu kuo a wɔdi nnipa dodoɔ no ara so[19] wɔ abibifoɔ a wɔwɔ South Africa, anaa Afrikaans kasafoɔ a wɔfiri Netherlands. Wɔn nananom a wodii kan woo wɔn, titiri wɔn a na wɔwɔ wɔn papa abusua mu no, na wɔyɛ Flemishfoɔ, Huguenotfoɔ a wofiri France, Germanfoɔ, Denmarkfoɔ, Norwayfoɔ, ne Swedenfoɔ.[1] Wɔ abakɔsɛm mu no, wɔde nsɛmfua "burgher" ne "Boer" nyinaa di dwuma de kyerɛ Afrikaans kasafoɔ a wɔyɛ aborɔfo no sɛ kuo bi; wɔn mu biara nni hɔ a wɔn ani nnye ho, nanso "Afrikaner" na wɔsusu ho asɛmfua a ɛfata yie.[2]

Wɔ afeha a ɛto so dunnkron awieɛ no, na wɔde saa asɛmfua no di dwuma wɔ Boer aman ne Cape Colony nyinaa mu.[20] Berɛ bi a atwam no, na Burghers gyina hɔ ma Cape Dutchfoɔ: wɔn a wɔtenaa hɔ a na wɔwɔ tumi wɔ aban no mu, na wotumi yɛ kuro no mu nnwuma, na na wɔyɛ saa daa. Mpɛn pii no, na Boers no gyina hɔ ma Europefoɔ a wɔyɛ akuafoɔ a wɔtete hɔ anaa nguanhwɛfoɔ a wɔtu bata. Wɔ Batavian Republic de firi afe apem ahanson aduokron nnum de kɔsi afe apem ahanwɔtwe ne nsia (1795–1806) mu no, Burgher ('amanpanyin') no bɛyɛɛ obi a wɔagye din. Wɔ Netherlandsfoɔ mu wɔ fie ne amannɔne nyinaa no, na ɛyɛ ɔkwan a wɔfa so kasa.[2] Wɔ South Africa no, wɔkɔɔ so de dii dwuma kosii Boer Ɔko a Ɛto so Mmienu wɔ afe apem ahanwɔtwe ne aduokron nkron ne afe apem ahankron ne mmienu (1899 ne 1902) mu.[21]

Nea edi kan a wɔkyerɛ ho asɛm sɛ obi a ɔtenaa hɔ no yɛ Afrikaani no sii wɔ Ɔbɛnem bosome wɔ afe apem ahanson ne nson (March 1707) mu, berɛ a basabasayɛ bi sii wɔ Stellenbosch no.[15] Berɛ a ɔtemmufoɔ, Johannes Starrenburg, hyɛɛ nnipadɔm bi sɛ wonnyae no, aberanteɛ bi a wɔfrɛ no Hendrik Biebouw kae sɛ, "Ik wil niet loopen, ik ben een Afrikaander – al slaat de landdrost mij dood, of al zetten hij mij in de tronk, ik zal, nog wil niet zwijgen! " ("Merennyae hɔ, meyɛ Afrikani – sɛ mpo ɔtemmufoɔ no hwe me kum me, anaa ɔde me kɔto afiase a, merenyɛ komm, na merenyɛ komm nso! ").[22] Wɔhwee Biebouw wɔ ne animguaseɛ ho na akyiri yi wɔpam no kɔɔ Batavia[23]: 22 (seesei Jakarta wɔ Indonesia). Wosusuu sɛ wɔdii kan de asɛmfua Afrikaner dii dwuma de kyekyɛɛ Cape Coloureds, anaa akuo foforɔ a wɔyɛ mmusua a wɔn asefoɔ yɛ wɔn a wɔabom no mu. Na Biebouw wɔ anuanom pii a na wɔyɛ "abusuakuo a wɔn ho akyea" (abusuakuw a wɔn ho akyea) na ɛbɛyɛ sɛ na ɔne Colouredfoɔ di nkitaho.[15] Ɛdaa adi sɛ asɛmfua no a wɔde di dwuma kɛseɛ no kyerɛ sɛ na Afrikafoɔ a wɔyɛ aborɔfo a wɔwɔ anafoɔ fam no anya din foforo, na wei kyerɛe sɛ nnipa a wɔwɔ hɔ no ne Cape Colony mmom na ɛbɛn mmom sene wɔn agyanom man a ɛwɔ Europa.[24]

Wɔtaa frɛ Afrikaaner sɛ Afrikaans anaa Afrikaanfoɔ.[25][26][27]

Nnipa Dodoɔ

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Afe Apem Ahansia Aduokron Baako (1691) Nkontaabuo

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Mfitiaseɛ no, na VOC nni adwene biara sɛ wɔde Europefoɔ bɛtena Cape of Good Hope hɔ daa; kɔsii afe apem ahansia ne aduonum nson (1657) no, na wɔmfa wɔn adwene nsi Dutch Cape Colony no nkɔso anaa n'ahyehyɛde so koraa.[28] Wɔ VOC no ani so no, na wonni sika pii a wɔde bɛboa wɔn ma wɔahu sɛ beaeɛ no yɛ beaeɛ titiri a wɔhwɛ aduane.[28] Bio nso, na VOC adwumayɛfoɔ ani nnye Cape no ho, efisɛ na wobu no sɛ baabi a enni mfaso biara a wobetumi anya nkɔsoɔ.[28]

Nanso, nnipa kakraa bi a na wɔabɛyɛ VOC adwumayɛfo bere tenten a wɔboaa ma wɔtew ɔmantam no ne mfe anum a edi kan a na ɛwɔ hɔ no kyerɛe sɛ wɔn ani gye ho sɛ wɔbɛhwehwɛ asase a wɔde bɛma wɔn, na ama wɔatumi akɔ pɛnhyen wɔ Cape sɛ akuafoɔ.[28] Berɛ bi akyi no, wɔbɛyɛɛ vrijliedenfoɔ, a wɔsane frɛ wɔn vrijburgers (amanfoɔ a wɔwɔ ahofadie), a na wɔyɛ VOC adwumayɛfoɔ deda a wɔtenaa Netherlands nsase a ɛwɔ amannɔne no so berɛ a na wɔawie wɔn adwuma no.[29] Na ɛsɛ sɛ vrijburgfoɔ no yɛ wɔn a wɔwoo wɔn wɔ Netherlands (ɛwɔ mu sɛ na wɔyɛ Germanfoɔ bi adewa), awarefoɔ, "wɔ suban pa", na na ɛsɛ sɛ wɔhyɛ wɔn ho so sɛ wɔbɛtena Afrika Anafoɔ fam mfeɛ aduonu.[28] Wɔ Ɔbenem bosome a wɔ afe apem ahansia aduonum nson (March 1657) mu no, berɛ a vrijburgfoɔ a wɔdii kan baa Cape no, na aborɔfo a wɔwɔ hɔ no dodow yɛ ɔha aduosa nnan (134) pɛ.[28] Ɛwom sɛ na asase ne wiem tebea a ɛwɔ Cape Town no fata kuayɛ deɛ, nanso na atubrafoɔ a wɔwɔ ɔpɛ no da so ara yɛ kakraa bi, na na nwisea, adwanfoɔ, ne ahɔhoɔ pii ka ho.[2] Efiri afe apem ahansia aduonwɔtwe nwɔtwe (1688) reba no, na Franse Huguenotfo bi a wɔn mu dodoɔ no ara yɛ atubrafoɔ a wɔadwane afiri ntɔkwa a ɛkɔɔ so wɔ Protestantfoɔ ne Katolekfo ɔntam wɔ France no ba Cape.[1]

Wɔakyerɛ South Afrikafoɔ a na wɔyɛ aborɔfo wɔ afe apem ahansia aduokron baako (1691) mu no din sɛ Afrikafoɔ "awofoɔ abusua" no, efirisɛ wɔanyɛ mmɔden biara sɛ wobenya atubrafo mmusua pii wɔ afeha a ɛto so dunwɔtwe (18) no mfitase akyi,[1] na Afrikafoɔ dodoɔ no ara firi wɔn nananom a wɔbaa hɔ ansa na afe apem ahanson (1700) reba no mu.[30][31] Ɛwom sɛ na wɔn mu baasa biara mu baanu yɛ Hollandfoɔ a wɔka Dutch kasa deɛ, nanso na Huguenotfoɔ a wɔn dodoɔ bɛyɛ aha aduonum (150) ne wɔn a wɔka Low German kasa a wɔn dodoɔ bɛyɛ saa ara wɔ hɔ. Na Swedenfoɔ, Denmarkfoɔ, ne Belgiumfoɔ nso wɔ hɔ.[32]

white population in the Dutch Cape Colony, 1691[1]

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Ancestry Percentage
Dutch 66.67%
French 16.67%
German 14.29%
Scandinavian, Belgian, other 2.37%
Note – Figures do not include expatriate soldiers, sailors, or servants of the company.

Afe Apem Ahanson Aduonu Nnan (1754) Nkontabuo

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Wɔ afe apem ahanson aduonu nnan (1754) mu no, Cape Ɔmampanin Ryk Tulbagh yɛɛ ne nkurɔfoɔ a wɔnyɛ kurom hɔ foɔ no nkontaabu. Na Vrijburgfoɔ a wɔyɛ aborɔfo - a na nkoa a wofiri Afrika Atɔeɛ fam, Mozambique, Madagascar, ne Dutch East Indies no dɔɔso sene wɔn no - bɛyɛ mpem nsia (6,000) pɛ na wɔwɔ hɔ.[33]

Afe Apem Ahanwɔtwe Ne Nsia (1806) Nkontabuo

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Berɛ a wɔdii Netherlands man no so nkonim na wɔsɛeɛ wɔn wɔ Joseph Souham's Flanders Ɔko no mu no, William V, Orange Hene no dwane kɔɔ United Kingdom na ɔsrɛɛ Britainfoɔ sɛ wɔmfa n'ahemman no nyɛ wɔn dea kɔsi sɛ wɔbesiesie no. Wɔamfa Holland aban no ansi hɔ bio; berɛ a ɔko no firii aseɛ bio wɔ France no, asraafoɔ a Sir David Baird a ɔyɛ Baronet a ɔdi kan dii wɔn anim no dii Britainfoɔ so nkonim wɔ afe apem ahanwɔtwe ne nsia (1806) mu wɔ berɛ a na Jan Willem Janssens.[2]

Berɛ a Cape Town bɛkaa Britain Ahemman no ho no, na Afrikafoɔ no dodoɔ yɛ mpem aduommienu ne ahanson aduonu (26,720) anaa ɔha mu nkyekye mu aduasa mmiɛnsa (36%).[1]

Afe Apem Ahankron Aduasa Nsia (1936) Nnipakan

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Afe apem ahankron aduasa nsia (1936) South Africa nnipakan no maa nnipa dodoɔ a wɔka kasa ahodoɔ a wofiri Europa no daa adi sɛ:

Afe Apem Ahankron Aduosia (1960) Nnipakan

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Afe Apem ahankron aduosia South Afrika nnipakan no ne nnipakan a ɛtwa toɔ a wɔyɛeɛ wɔ South Afrika Nkabom no mu. Wɔfaa kasa, ɔsom ne abusua a wɔfaa mu no so kyerɛeɛ sɛ nnipa a wɔwɔ South Africa no dodoɔ bɛyɛ ɔpepem dunum, mpem ahankron ne aduokron nnan, ɔha ne aduowɔtwe baakoo (15,994,181). Sɛ wɔkyekyɛm pɛpɛɛpɛ a, na Afrikafoɔ ɔpepe baako ne mpem nsia (1.6) na wɔka Afrikaans kasa. Wɔka nnipa a wɔwɔ South Afrika anafoɔ fam atɔeɛ fam no ho.[2]

Afe Apem Ahankron Aduowɔtwe Nnum (1985) Nnipakan

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Sɛdeɛ Afe apem ahankron aduowɔtwe nnum (1985) nnipakan kyerɛ no, na nnipa a wɔka Afrikaans a wɔyɛ aborɔfo no yɛ ɔpepem mmienu, mpem ɔhannum ne aduowɔtwe baako, ne aduowɔtwe (2,581,080) na wɔte ɔman no mu saa berɛ no, anaa wɔn dodoɔ bɛyɛ ɔha nkyekyem nkron akyiri pɔ nnan (9.4%).[34]

Afe Apem Ahankron Aduokron Nsia (1996) Nnipakan

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Afe Apem Ahankron Aduokron Nsia (1996) South Africa man no mu nnipa dodoɔ a wɔkan no ne nnipa dodoɔ a wɔkan wɔ South Africa a na nnipa nyiyimu nni hɔ no. Wobu akontaa wɔ Ɔman Nhwehwɛmu Da no, na wɔkaa sɛ nnipa ɔpepem mmienu, mpem ahanum ne aduonum nwɔtwe, ahankron ne aduonum nsia (2,558,956) na wɔka Afrikaans kasa. Nhwehwɛmu no kaa sɛ Afrikafoɔ yɛ ɔman no mu abusua a ɛto so nwɔtwe a wɔdɔɔso sene obiara, anaa wɔn dodoɔ yɛ ɔha nkyekyem nsia akyiri pɔ mmiɛnsa (6.3%). Berɛ a nnipa mu nyiyim no baa awieɛ mpo no, nnipa mpem aduonu nnum (25,000) pɛ na na wɔwɔ hɔ.

Mfeɛ Mpem Mmienu Ne Baako (2001) Nnipakan

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Mfeɛ mpem mmienu ne baako (2001) South African National Census no ne nnipa dodoɔ a wɔkan wɔ South Africa a nnipa nyiyimu akyi no. Wɔbu akontaa wɔ October 9 na wɔkaa sɛ nnipa a wɔka Afrikaans a wɔyɛ aborɔfo no dodow yɛ 2,576,184. Nhwehwɛmu no kae sɛ Afrikafo yɛ ɔman no mu abusua a ɛto so awotwe a wɔdɔɔso sen biara, anaa wɔn dodow yɛ 5,7%.

Baabi A Menyaa Mmoa Firiiɛ

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 "Dickson, Henry Newton, (24 June 1866–2 April 1922), Assistant Editor of the Encyclopædia Britannica", Who Was Who, Oxford University Press, 2007-12-01, retrieved 2023-06-21
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 Irving Kaplan (1979-01-01), Area Handbook Series: Zambia: A Country Study., Fort Belvoir, VA, retrieved 2023-06-21
  3. ↑ The proportion of Euro zone SMEs reporting access to finance as their most pressing concern, October 2014-March 2015, 2016-04-14, retrieved 2023-06-21
  4. ↑ Robert Jelinek (2011), "Offshore Census", Offshore Census, Vienna: Springer Vienna, pp. 51–65, ISBN 978-3-7091-0533-7, retrieved 2023-06-21
  5. ↑ Current Population Survey, August 2008: Immigration/Emigration Supplement, 2011-10-06, retrieved 2023-06-21
  6. ↑ "EL REGISTRO NACIONAL DE ASOCIACIONES (III).", El registro de asociaciones en la España constitucional., Dykinson, pp. 481–522, 2021-10-13, retrieved 2023-06-21
  7. ↑ Ton van der Wouden, ed. (2012-05-25), "Roots of Afrikaans", Creole Language Library, doi:10.1075/cll.44, ISSN 0920-9026, retrieved 2023-06-21
  8. ↑ "The Afrikaans Family Romance", Satanism and Family Murder in Late Apartheid South Africa, Palgrave Macmillan, retrieved 2023-06-21
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Jurrien van Goor (2004), Prelude to colonialism: the Dutch in Asia, Hilversum: Uitg. Verloren, ISBN 978-90-6550-806-5 {{citation}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Timothy J. Keegan (1997), Colonial South Africa and the origins of the racial order, Reconsiderations in southern African history, Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, ISBN 978-0-8139-1735-1 {{citation}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  11. ↑ "EL REGISTRO NACIONAL DE ASOCIACIONES (III).", El registro de asociaciones en la España constitucional., Dykinson, pp. 481–522, 2021-10-13, retrieved 2023-06-22
  12. ↑ "Birt, Rev. Canon Roderick Harold Capper, (24 Oct. 1882–19 Oct. 1975), Canon Emeritus of St George's Cathedral, Cape Town", Who Was Who, Oxford University Press, 2007-12-01, retrieved 2023-06-22
  13. ↑ H. Du Plessis (1984-05-09), "Het Afrikaans die Afrikaner ontgroei, met verwysing na die Afrikaans van Griekwas en sekere Johannesburgse Afrikaanssprekendes?", Literator, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 60–62, doi:10.4102/lit.v5i2.937, ISSN 2219-8237, retrieved 2023-06-22
  14. ↑ D'Maris Coffman, A. B. Leonard, William O'Reilly (2015), The Atlantic World, The Routledge worlds, London: Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group, ISBN 978-0-415-46704-9 {{citation}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 Nigel Worden (2010), Slavery in Dutch South Africa, African studies series (First paperback printing ed.), Cambridge London, New York: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-15266-2 {{citation}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  16. ↑ Mordechai Tamarkin, Michael Tamarkin (1996), Cecil Rhodes and the Cape Afrikaners: the imperial colossus and the colonial parish pump, London: Cass, ISBN 978-0-7146-4267-3 {{citation}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  17. ↑ Louise Bethlehe (2006-06-28), "11 February 1990, South Africa: Apartheid and After", The Edinburgh Companion to Twentieth-Century Literatures in English, Edinburgh University Press, pp. 240–250, retrieved 2023-06-22
  18. ↑ Peter Ward Jones (2001), Oxford University Press, Oxford Music Online, Oxford University Press, retrieved 2023-06-22
  19. ↑ James Minahan (2000), One Europe, many nations: a historical dictionary of european national groups, Westport (Conn.): Greenwood press, ISBN 978-0-313-30984-7 {{citation}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  20. ↑ Stephen W. Martin (2008), Faith negotiating loyalties: an exploration of South African Christianity through a reading of the theology of H. Richard Niebuhr, Lanham: Univ. Press of America, ISBN 978-0-7618-4111-1 {{citation}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  21. ↑ "The Afrikaans Family Romance", Satanism and Family Murder in Late Apartheid South Africa, Palgrave Macmillan, retrieved 2023-06-22
  22. ↑ Sharath Savari, Donald L. Whitfill (2015-03-17), Managing Losses in Naturally Fractured Formations: Sometimes Nano is too Small, SPE, doi:10.2118/173062-ms, retrieved 2023-06-22
  23. ↑ Hermann Giliomee (2003), The Afrikaners: biography of a people (1. publ ed.), London: Hurst, ISBN 978-1-85065-714-9 {{citation}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  24. ↑ Everything you need to know to travel to South Africa (US), retrieved 2023-06-30
  25. ↑ Guy Woodward (2018-11), "'These people know what they're fighting for': Denis Johnston and the Partisans", Irish University Review, vol. 48, no. 2, pp. 331–347, doi:10.3366/iur.2018.0358, ISSN 0021-1427, retrieved 2023-06-30 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  26. ↑ Valerie Giscard Goodman, Don't call me crazy, retrieved 2023-06-30
  27. ↑ "About Afrikaans", Kortpad-Afrikaans / Shortcut Afrikaans, African Sun Media, pp. 1–14, 2021-12-09, retrieved 2023-06-30
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 28.2 28.3 28.4 28.5 John Hunt, Heather-Ann Campbell (2005), Dutch South Africa: early settlers at the Cape 1652 to 1708, Leicester: Matador, ISBN 978-1-904744-95-5 {{citation}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  29. ↑ Robert Parthesius (2010), Dutch Ships in Tropical Waters: The Development of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) Shipping Network in Asia 1595-1660, Amsterdam University Press, ISBN 978-90-5356-517-9 {{citation}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  30. ↑ Brian Murray Du Toit (1978), Ethnicity in modern Africa, Westview special studies on Africa, Boulder, Colo. New York: Westview press F.A. Praeger, ISBN 978-0-89158-314-1 {{citation}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  31. ↑ "Clowes, Col George Charles Knight, (1882–16 Aug. 1941), Chairman and Managing Director of William Clowes and Sons, Ltd, Printers and Publishers; Hon. Col The London Scottish, 1939", Who Was Who, Oxford University Press, 2007-12-01, retrieved 2023-07-14
  32. ↑ Vernie A. February, Vernon February (1991), The Afrikaners of South Africa, Monographs from the African Studies Centre, Leiden (1. publ ed.), London: Kegan Paul International, ISBN 978-0-7103-0353-0 {{citation}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  33. ↑ "Fisher, Rt Hon. Herbert Albert Laurens, (21 March 1865–18 April 1940), MP Hallam Division of Sheffield, 1916–18 (NL) English Universities 1918–26; Warden of New College, Oxford, since 1925", Who Was Who, Oxford University Press, 2007-12-01, retrieved 2023-07-14
  34. ↑ Robert Kriger, ed. (1996), Afrikaans literature: recollection, redefinition, restitution ; papers held at the 7th Conference on South African Literature at the Protestant Academy, Bad Boll, Matatu, Amsterdam: Rodopi, ISBN 978-90-420-0051-3 {{citation}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)

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