معرکہ ماسکو

معرکہ ماسکو; Battle of Moscow
	سلسلہ جنگ عظیم دوم کا مشرقی محاذ
	; Soviet anti-aircraft gunners on the; roof of the Hotel Moskva
تاریخ	30 September 1941 – 7 January 1942; (لوا خطا ماڈیول:Age میں 521 سطر پر: attempt to concatenate local 'last' (a nil value)۔)
مقام	ماسکو اوبلاست, روسی سوویت وفاقی اشتراکی جمہوریہ, سوویت اتحاد
نتیجہ	سوویت اتحاد victory End of آپریشن باربروسا; Beginning of Soviet counter-offensives;
مُحارِب
جرمنی	سوویت یونین
کمان دار اور رہنما
اڈولف ہٹلر; Franz Halder; Walther von Brauchitsch; Fedor von Bock; Heinz Guderian; Walter Model; Günther von Kluge; G.H. Reinhardt; Adolf Strauss; Erich Hoepner;	جوزف استالن; Georgy Zhukov; Aleksandr Vasilevsky; Ivan Konev; Semyon Timoshenko; Sedrak Manukyan; Boris Shaposhnikov; Konstantin Rokossovsky; Leonid Govorov; Semyon Budyonny; Pavel Belov; Lev Dovator ⚔; Nikolai Vatutin; Issa Pliyev; Mikhail Katukov; Pavel Rotmistrov;
شریک دستے
Army Group Centre 2nd Panzer Army; 3rd Panzer Army; 4th Panzer Army; 2nd Army; 4th Army; 9th Army; ;	Western Front 16th Army; 19th Army; 20th Army; 22nd Army; 29th Army; 30th Army; Cavalry Group "Dovator"; Cavalry Group "Belov"; ; Reserve Front 24th Army; 31st Army; 32nd Army; 43rd Army; 49th Army; ; Bryansk Front Operational Group Ermakov 3rd Army; 13th Army; 50th Army; ; ;
طاقت
As of 1 October 1941: 1,184,000–1,929,406 men; 1,000–2,470 tanks and assault guns; 14,000 guns; Initial aircraft: 549 serviceable; at time of counter offensive: 599;	As of 1 October 1941: 1,252,591 men; 1,044–3,232 tanks; 7,600 guns; Initial aircraft: 936 (545 serviceable); at time of counteroffensive: 1,376;
ہلاکتیں اور نقصانات
German strategic offensive: (1 October 1941 to 10 January 1942) October: 62,870; November: 46,374; December: 41,819; January: 23,131; German estimated: 174,194 KIA, WIA, MIA (see §7) Soviet estimated: 581,000 killed, missing, wounded and captured.	Moscow Defense: (30 September 1941 to 5 December 1941) 514,338 killed or missing; 143,941 wounded; Moscow Offensive: (5 December 1941 to 7 January 1942) 139,586 killed or missing; 231,369 wounded; Total: 1,029,234 (see § Casualties)

معرکہ ماسکو (انگریزی: Battle of Moscow) ایک فوجی مہم تھی جو ستمبر 1941ء اور جنوری 1942ء کے درمیان دوسری جنگ عظیم کے مشرقی محاذ کے 600 کلومیٹر (370 میل) سیکٹر پر حکمت عملی کے لحاظ سے اہم لڑائی کے دو ادوار پر مشتمل تھی۔ سوویت دفاعی کوششوں نے سوویت یونین کے دار الحکومت اور سب سے بڑے شہر ماسکو پر اڈولف ہٹلر کے حملے کو ناکام بنا دیا۔ سوویت یونین پر حملے میں ماسکو محوری افواج کے لیے بنیادی فوجی اور سیاسی مقاصد میں سے ایک تھا۔

حواشی

↑ Zetterling اور Frankson 2012، صفحہ 253
↑ Mercatante (2012)۔ Why Germany Nearly Won: A New History of the Second World War in Europe۔ ص 105۔ ISBN:978-0313395932
↑ Stahel (2013)۔ Operation Typhoon: Hitler's March on Moscow, October 1941۔ ص 45۔ ISBN:978-1107035126
↑ Stahel, David (2011)۔ Kiev 1941۔ ص 339۔ ISBN:978-1139503600
↑ David M. Glantz (2001)۔ Barbarossa: Hitler's Invasion of Russia 1941۔ Tempus Publishing Ltd۔ ص 141۔ ISBN:978-0739417973
↑ Glantz (1995), p. 78.
↑ Liedtke 2016، صفحہ 148
^ ^ا ^ب Bergström 2007 p. 90.
↑ Williamson 1983, p. 132.
↑ Both sources use Luftwaffe records. The often quoted figures of 900–1,300 do not correspond with recorded Luftwaffe strength returns. Sources: Prien, J.; Stremmer, G.; Rodeike, P.; Bock, W. Die Jagdfliegerverbande der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945, parts 6/I and II; U.S National Archives, German Orders of Battle, Statistics of Quarter Years.
^ ^ا ^ب Bergström 2007, p. 111.
↑ Liedtke, Enduring the Whirlwind, 3449. Kindle.
↑ "РОССИЯ И СССР В ВОЙНАХ XX ВЕКА. Глава V. ВЕЛИКАЯ ОТЕЧЕСТВЕННАЯ ВОЙНА"۔ rus-sky.com
↑ "1941"۔ 2012-10-25 کو اصل سے آرکائیو کیا گیا
↑ "ВОЕННАЯ ЛИТЕРАТУРА --[ Исследования ]-- Мягков М.Ю. Вермахт у ворот Москвы, 1941-1942"۔ militera.lib.ru
^ ^ا ^ب David M. Glantz۔ When Titans Clashed۔ ص 298, 299

مصادر

Chris Bellamy (2007)۔ Absolute War: Soviet Russia in the Second World War.۔ New York: Vintage Books۔ ISBN:978-0-375-72471-8.
Braithwaite, Rodric. Moscow 1941: A City and Its People at War. London: Profile Books Ltd., 2006. آئی ایس بی این 1-86197-759-X.
Collection of legislative acts related to State Awards of the USSR (1984), Moscow, ed. Izvestia.
Pavel Alekseevich Belov (1963)۔ Za nami Moskva۔ Moscow: Voenizdat
Christer Bergström (2007)۔ Barbarossa – The Air Battle: July–December 1941۔ London: Chevron/Ian Allan۔ ISBN:978-1-85780-270-2
Horst Boog؛ Jürgen Förster؛ Joachim Hoffmann؛ Ernst Klink؛ Rolf-Dieter Müller؛ Gerd R. Ueberschär (1998)۔ Attack on the Soviet Union۔ Germany and the Second World War۔ ترجمہ از Dean S. McMurry؛ Ewald Osers؛ Louise Willmot۔ Oxford: Clarendon Press۔ ج IV۔ ISBN:978-0-19-822886-8
Allen F. Chew (دسمبر 1981)۔ "Fighting the Russians in Winter: Three Case Studies" (PDF)۔ Leavenworth Papers۔ Fort Leavenworth, Kansas شمارہ 5۔ ISSN:0195-3451۔ 2017-02-14 کو اصل (PDF) سے آرکائیو کیا گیا۔ اخذ شدہ بتاریخ 2017-05-29
John Erickson؛ Dilks, David (1994)۔ Barbarossa: The Axis and the Allies۔ Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press۔ ISBN:978-0-7486-0504-0
David M. Glantz؛ Jonathan M. House (1995)۔ When Titans Clashed: How the Red Army Stopped Hitler۔ Lawrence: University Press of Kansas۔ ISBN:978-0-7006-0717-4
Stuart D. Goldman (2012)۔ Nomonhan, 1939; The Red Army's Victory That Shaped World War II۔ Naval Institute Press۔ ISBN:978-1-61251-098-9
Heinz Guderian, Воспоминания солдата (Memoirs of a soldier), Smolensk, Rusich, 1999 (Russian translation of Heinz Guderian (1951)۔ Erinnerungen eines Soldaten۔ Heidelberg: Vowinckel)
Hill, Alexander (2009)."British Lend-Lease Tanks and the Battle of Moscow, November–December 1941 – Revisited." Journal of Slavic Military Studies, 22: 574–87. doi:10.1080/13518040903355794.
Alexander Hill (2017)، The Red Army and the Second World War، Cambridge: Cambridge University Press، ISBN:978-1-1070-2079-5.
Hardesty, Von. Red Phoenix. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1991. آئی ایس بی این 1-56098-071-0
Geoffrey Jukes (2002)۔ The Second World War: The Eastern Front 1941–1945۔ Oxford: Osprey۔ ISBN:978-1-84176-391-0
Gregory Liedtke (2016)۔ Enduring the Whirlwind: The German Army and the Russo-German War 1941–1943۔ Helion and Company۔ ISBN:978-1910777756
Lev Lopukhovsky (2013)۔ Britton Stuart (مدیر)۔ The Viaz'ma Catastrophe, 1941 The Red Army's Disastrous Stand Against Operation Typhoon۔ ترجمہ از Britton Stuart۔ West Midlands: Helion.۔ ISBN:978-1-908916-50-1
Walter G. Moss (2005)۔ A History of Russia: Since 1855۔ Anthem Russian and Slavonic studies (2nd ایڈیشن)۔ Anthem Press۔ ج II۔ ISBN:978-1-84331-034-1
Andrew Nagorski (2007)۔ The Greatest Battle: Stalin, Hitler, and the Desperate Struggle for Moscow That Changed the Course of World War II۔ New York: Simon & Schuster۔ ISBN:978-0-7432-8110-2
Flitton, Dave (director, producer, writer) (1994)۔ The Battle of Russia (television documentary)۔ US: پی بی ایس
Hermann Plocher (1968)۔ Luftwaffe versus Russia, 1941۔ New York: USAF: Historical Division, Arno Press
A. M. Prokhorov (ed.). Большая советская энциклопедия (روسی میں). Moscow. or A. M. Prokhorov, ed. (1973–1978). Great Soviet Encyclopedia (انگریزی میں). New York: Macmillan.
Erhard Raus؛ Steven H. Newton (2009)۔ Panzer Operations: The Eastern Front Memoir of General Raus, 1941–1945۔ Da Capo Press۔ ISBN:978-0-7867-3970-7
Reinhardt, Klaus. Moscow: The Turning Point? The Failure of Hitler's Strategy in the Winter of 1941–42. Oxford: Berg Publishers, 1992. آئی ایس بی این 0-85496-695-1.
Vasilii Danilovich Sokolovskii (1964)۔ Razgrom Nemetsko-Fashistskikh Voisk pod Moskvoi (with map album)۔ Moscow: VoenIzdat۔ LCCN:65-54443
David Stahel (2019)۔ Retreat from Moscow: A New History of Germany's Winter Campaign, 1941–1942۔ New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux۔ ISBN:978-03742-49526
David Stahel (2015)۔ The Battle for Moscow۔ Cambridge: Cambridge University Press۔ ISBN:978-1107087606
Adam Tooze (2006)۔ The Wages of Destruction: The making and breaking of the Nazi economy۔ London: Penguin Books۔ ISBN:978-0-14-100348-1
A. M. Vasilevsky (1981). Дело всей жизни (Lifelong cause) (روسی میں). Moscow: Progress. ISBN:978-0-7147-1830-9.
Murray Williamson (1983)۔ Strategy for Defeat: The Luftwaffe 1933–1945۔ Maxwell AFB: Air University Press۔ ISBN:978-1-58566-010-0
Earl F. Ziemke (1987)۔ Moscow to Stalingrad۔ Center of Military History, United States Army۔ ISBN:978-0880292948
Niklas Zetterling؛ Anders Frankson (2012)۔ The Drive on Moscow, 1941: Operation Taifun and Germany's First Great Crisis of World War II۔ Havertown: Casemate Publishers۔ ISBN:978-1-61200-120-3
Г. К. Жуков (2002). Воспоминания и размышления. В 2 т. (روسی میں). М. ISBN:978-5-224-03195-5. Archived from the original on 2021-01-21. Retrieved 2023-08-13.{{حوالہ کتاب}}: اسلوب حوالہ 1 کا انتظام: مقام بدون ناشر (link) (English translation G. K. Zhukov (1971)۔ The Memoirs of Marshal Zhukov۔ London: Cape۔ ISBN:978-0-224-61924-0)

بیرونی روابط

"Operation Typhoon": وڈیو یوٹیوب پر, lecture by ڈیوڈ ستھل, author of Operation Typhoon. Hitler's March on Moscow (2013) and The Battle for Moscow (2015); via the official channel of USS Silversides Museum
Map: Deployment of troops before the battle of Moscow
Map (detailed): Battle of Moscow 1941. German offensive
WW2DB: Battle of Moscow

55°45′N 37°38′E / 55.750°N 37.633°E / 55.750; 37.633

[FOOTNOTEZetterlingFrankson2012253-1] Zetterling اور Frankson 2012، صفحہ 253

[Mercatante2012-2] Mercatante (2012)۔ Why Germany Nearly Won: A New History of the Second World War in Europe۔ ص 105۔ ISBN:978-0313395932

[Stahel2013-3] Stahel (2013)۔ Operation Typhoon: Hitler's March on Moscow, October 1941۔ ص 45۔ ISBN:978-1107035126

[Stahel2011-4] Stahel, David (2011)۔ Kiev 1941۔ ص 339۔ ISBN:978-1139503600

[5] David M. Glantz (2001)۔ Barbarossa: Hitler's Invasion of Russia 1941۔ Tempus Publishing Ltd۔ ص 141۔ ISBN:978-0739417973

[6] Glantz (1995), p. 78.

[FOOTNOTELiedtke2016148-7] Liedtke 2016، صفحہ 148

[Bergström-8] ا ^ب Bergström 2007 p. 90.

[9] Williamson 1983, p. 132.

[10] Both sources use Luftwaffe records. The often quoted figures of 900–1,300 do not correspond with recorded Luftwaffe strength returns. Sources: Prien, J.; Stremmer, G.; Rodeike, P.; Bock, W. Die Jagdfliegerverbande der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945, parts 6/I and II; U.S National Archives, German Orders of Battle, Statistics of Quarter Years.

[Bergström_2-11] ا ^ب Bergström 2007, p. 111.

[12] Liedtke, Enduring the Whirlwind, 3449. Kindle.

[ReferenceA-13] "РОССИЯ И СССР В ВОЙНАХ XX ВЕКА. Глава V. ВЕЛИКАЯ ОТЕЧЕСТВЕННАЯ ВОЙНА"۔ rus-sky.com

[14] "1941"۔ 2012-10-25 کو اصل سے آرکائیو کیا گیا

[15] "ВОЕННАЯ ЛИТЕРАТУРА --[ Исследования ]-- Мягков М.Ю. Вермахт у ворот Москвы, 1941-1942"۔ militera.lib.ru

[David_M._Glantz_298,_299-16] ا ^ب David M. Glantz۔ When Titans Clashed۔ ص 298, 299

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]