Current Nanomedicine (Volume 15 - Issue 2)

Nanocarrier-based Drug Delivery of Brinzolamide for Ocular Diseases: A Mini-Review

2025-01-01

Brinzolamide (BRZ) represents a significant advancement in glaucoma treatment as a topically active carbonic anhydrase inhibitor (CAI). It exhibits selectivity and potent inhibitory activity for carbonic anhydrase type II isozyme (CA-II), which is crucial in aqueous humor secretion. With excellent ocular bioavailability and a formulation optimized for physiologic pH, brinzolamide effectively lowers intraocular pressure by inhibiting CA-II in ciliary processes. Its superior ocular comfort profile enhances patient compliance. Preclinical evaluations confirm its specific CA inhibition without notable side effects, and its low systemic absorption minimizes systemic CA inhibition-related issues. BRZ's prolonged tissue half-life in the eye ensures sustained IOP reduction, supported by clinical trials demonstrating comparable efficacy with reduced dosing frequency. Challenges in ocular disease treatment arise from physiological, anatomical, and dynamic barriers hindering effective drug delivery to the eye. Nanocarriers, such as micelles, nanoparticles, liposomes, niosomes, and dendrimers, offer promising solutions by improving permeation, _targeting specific sites, and overcoming the limitations of conventional forms. This review explores diverse nanomedicines, detailing their applications, advantages, and disadvantages in ophthalmic drug delivery. It also includes recent research findings for a comprehensive overview of the current landscape.

Revealing the Potential of Mucoadhesive Ocular Nanoparticles for Enhanced Drug Delivery

2025-01-01

An ocular drug delivery system, or ODDS, is the method for executing a prescription to the peeper in order to treat or manage conditions related to the eyes. The range of ODDS modalities is broad and includes simple aseptic eye drops for the optic surface as well as complex implants for intraocular tissue. The use of ODDS is often necessary for states such as cataracts, progressive retinal illness, inflammation, dry eye syndrome, diabetic retinopathy (DR), and other related diseases or disorders. To sustain the intended drug concentrations at the prescribed place, new drug delivery technologies have been developed, incorporating fibrin-sealing materials and sticky gels. The advancement of long-lasting drug delivery systems that are non-invasive and applied externally to the back portion of the eye possesses the potential to improve drug administration significantly. The progress made in the field of ophthalmic drug delivery has resulted in promising advancements in the treatment of diseases affecting both the front and back portions of the eye. These groundbreaking strategies for administering medication hold immense potential for enhancing drug delivery in the future. Furthermore, these inventive devices and/or formulations are easy to develop, causing minimal or negligible irritation, boasting a prolonged period residing in front of the cornea, sustaining the release of drugs, and increasing the therapeutic availability of medications within the eye. To remain up to date with the current advancements in the field of ocular drug delivery, it is essential to acquire the latest information. This helps drug delivery scientists improve their thought processes and also makes it possible to create fresh, trustworthy drug delivery methods. The objective of this investigation is to provide a thorough investigation while also tracking their advancement. Next, we shall examine the latest breakthroughs in formulation innovations based on nanotechnology. We will also discuss the most recent developments in additional ocular medication administration methods, including in-situ gels, implants, contact lenses, and microneedles.

Advances in Nanoparticulate Therapeutics for Acute Lung Injury: Addressing Unmet Clinical Needs through _targeted Therapy and Controlled Delivery of Drug

2025-01-01

Background: Acute lung injury (ALI) is a life-threatening condition characterized by severe invasion of inflammatory cells, lung edema, and the development of intestinal fibrosis. The activation of proinflammatory cytokines like TNF-α, IL-6, and others results in the development of several risk factors for ALI. It has been observed that no viable therapies for lung injuries exist. Therefore, there is a significant need for healthcare requirements. However, few effective nonpharmacological and pharmacological treatments are available, which may have assisted doctors in reducing the likelihood of illness development. Still, not much progress has been made in illness management.

Objectives : This review aimed to briefly discuss pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches for treating ALI.

Methods: Nowadays, drug delivery and illness diagnosis are the most advanced areas of modern nanotechnology research, particularly concerning the lungs. So, we focused on various novel approaches, viz., organic nanoparticles, inorganic nanoparticles, metal nanoparticles, and bio nanoparticles, that combat ALI and improve lung functions. This review discussed many studies and the advancement of different nanomaterials as novel drug carriers in the lungs that can influence the immune system, suppressing proinflammatory cytokines and improving lung functions.

Result: Another aspect of studying nanotechnology is the release kinetics of nanoparticles and safety when administered to a _targeted tissue.

Conclusion: The higher uptake of nanomaterials and, thus, the drugs is another advancement in nanotechnology. Herein, we explored different approaches to improving and curing acute lung injury.

Nanoemulgel: An Innovative Carrier for Drug Delivery of Poorly Water-Soluble Drugs

2025-01-01

Recently, the delivery of hydrophobic/ poorly water-soluble drugs has been a difficult task. Various approaches have been developed to counter the former and other main issues, such as solubility, bioavailability, etc. However, only a few formulations have successfully addressed the problems and nanoemulgels are a standout among them. The nanoemulgel drug delivery approach combines multiple benefits associated with emulsion and gel technologies to improve active moiety solubility, bioavailability, and longevity. The article discusses the present status of nanoemulgel research and development, including its preparation methods and characterization techniques. Additionally, the possible uses of nanoemulgel in _targeted drug delivery and cosmetic/ personal care products are discussed. Overall, nanoemulgel technology has shown significant promise as a novel approach to augment the transport of water-insoluble moieties. With further research as well as development, it is expected to have a substantial impact on the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. This inclusive review highlighted the role of nanoemulgels as a promising carrier for drug delivery, with an overview of a few illustrations supporting the cause.

Nanoencapsulation of Colchicum speciosum for Alleviating Lower Back Pain

2025-01-01

This review focuses on the use of Colchicum species that have been capsuled to treat lower back pain. Low levels of physical activity produce atypical spinal loading, which increases the risk of discomfort and damage. Acetylcholine (AChE inhibitors acetylcholinesterase AChE-I) has a crucial role in the development of amyloid- plaques, one of the disease's main pathogenic processes, and in boosting psychological function. To increase the natural preservatives in food, research on the encapsulation of phytochemicals has been employed to create nanoparticle delivery systems for a combination of terpenes that have been isolated from plants. For the administration of formulations containing encapsulated plant extracts, dermal and oral routes are used. The current strategies of encapsulation should be enhanced, as well as techniques to achieve the goal.

Lipid-Based Drug Delivery Systems: A Promising Approach for Overcoming Bioavailability and Solubility Challenges in Drug Development

2025-01-01

For an extended period, lipid-based drugs have been employed to enhance the effectiveness of medications. Nevertheless, the notion of using lipids as carriers for drugs remains a fascinating concept. Lipid-based drug delivery systems (LBDDS) represent a cutting-edge technology aimed at tackling the challenges associated with bioavailability and solubility of drugs that are not readily soluble in water.

The primary objective of lipid-based medicine formulation is to increase its bioavailability. The use of lipids in medicine administration is a feasible concept even if it is no longer new. LBDDS is one of the newest techniques for resolving problems with low water-soluble medication solubility and bioavailability. Pharmaceuticals may be marketed successfully formulated using these formulations for parenteral, pulmonary, topical, or oral administration.

This article functions as a comprehensive review of existing literature on LBDDS. It involves a thorough investigation across various databases, including PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, with the aim of identifying relevant research studies.

LBDDS are an effective method for making poorly soluble medications (BCS Classes II & IV) more soluble and more bioavailable. This review article aims to draw attention to the importance of distinguishing between SMEDDS and SNEDDS, as well as the roles played by the many components that are needed for creating LBDDS. It also provides motivation and guts to expand the use of LBDDS on a pilot and industrial scale.

Medication delivery systems based on lipids provide a wide range of possible applications by improving the bioavailability of some poorly soluble medicines and enabling the creation of physiologically well-tolerated medication formulations. Comprehending the physicochemical properties of molecules, fatty excipients, and gastrointestinal digestion is crucial for the creation of these systems. In conclusion, these delivery methods seem to have a bright future.

Antimicrobial Nano-Coatings of Ti Surfaces for Anti-Inflammatory Aims in Dental Implants

2025-01-01

Introduction: Coating of dental implants with nanoparticles can lead to improved fixation of implants.

Aim: The aim of this study was to review the reported antimicrobial nano-coatings of Ti surfaces (dental implants) for anti-inflammatory, tissue integration, and osteogeneration aims.

Methods: The data were collected from Google Scholar, PubMed, and Scopus sources.

Results: The results showed that the antimicrobial nano-coatings of Ti surfaces exhibited a reduction in initial bacterial adhesion, concomitantly with an increase in the attachment of human gingival fibroblasts. In addition, the application of these surfaces resulted in anti-inflammatory effects with different mechanisms. Some nano-coated titanium surfaces have also shown enhanced hydrophilicity and corrosion resistance, aiding the adhesion and proliferation of osteoblasts.

Conclusion: Coating Ti surfaces with antimicrobial nanoparticles can improve soft tissue integration and osteogeneration, leading to improved fixation of implants. Moreover, such coatings may profit biocompatible surfaces with a controlled release profile for the antimicrobial agents.

Synthesis of Ag and AgCl Nanoparticles Using Klasea latifolia and Klassa leptoclada Extracts and Assessment of the Antimicrobial Properties of the Synthesized Nanoparticles and Antioxidant Properties of the Extracts

2025-01-01

Background: In green synthesis, metal ions are transformed into nanoparticles through a simple reaction, without the need for surfactants, specific conditions, and other stabilizing agents.

Methods: This study performed the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using the extract of Klasea latifolia and Klasea leptoclada.

Results: Nanoparticles were characterized using the SEM, XRD, UV-Visible Spectroscopy, and EDS methods. The antibacterial properties of the extracts and synthesized nanoparticles were evaluated against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, and Escherichia coli using the agar disk-diffusion and well-diffusion. The antioxidants of the herbs were investigated using the DPPH and FRAP methods, and the IC50 of the extracts was determined as well. The results showed that, although no chlorinated compounds were added to the reaction medium, in addition to silver nanoparticles, silver chloride nanoparticles were also synthesized. The synthesized nanoparticles were spherical (size: 27-38 nm) and had uniform size distribution. Furthermore, the synthesized nanoparticles and extracts exhibited significant antibacterial activity.

Conclusion: Many plants have been used for the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles, but the advantage of using the extract of K.latifolia and K. leptoclada was that in addition to synthesizing silver nanoparticles, silver chloride nanoparticles were also synthesized.