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27 pages, 1767 KiB  
Article
How Does the Digital Innovation Ecosystem Enable Green Regional Development? A Dynamic QCA Study in China
by Lvcheng Li, Yuanjie Zeng and De Xia
Systems 2024, 12(12), 551; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems12120551 (registering DOI) - 11 Dec 2024
Abstract
The impact of digital empowerment on green innovation is increasingly evident, enabling various subjects to improve the integration of innovation elements and enhance innovation efficacy across a broader temporal and spatial scope. A comprehensive examination of the mechanisms that underlie this process is [...] Read more.
The impact of digital empowerment on green innovation is increasingly evident, enabling various subjects to improve the integration of innovation elements and enhance innovation efficacy across a broader temporal and spatial scope. A comprehensive examination of the mechanisms that underlie this process is required. This paper constructs the ‘elements-subjects-environments’ research framework of digital innovation ecosystems, collecting data from 30 provinces in China from 2017 to 2021 and using green total factor productivity (GTFP) to evaluate the level of green regional development. In this study, the dynamic qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) method is employed to analyze the intricate causal mechanisms and configurations of green regional development that are driven by digital innovation ecosystems from both temporal and spatial perspectives. The results show that: (1) green regional development requires the interaction of multiple elements, subjects, and the environment, and a single condition does not constitute a necessary condition; (2) there are four pathways with different configurations for high-level green development: data elements-driven enterprise application innovation, data elements-driven enterprise-user co-creation, data elements-driven multi-collaborative innovation, and digital environment-driven university basic innovation; (3) the temporal and spatial dimensions of China’s green regional development pathways are heterogeneous: the significance of data elements in fostering green regional development is increasing; the multi-collaborative innovation configuration is facilitating the green development of the eastern and central regions, whereas the western and northeastern regions are progressing at a relatively slow pace. This study provides theoretical and practical insights to promote the integration of digital innovation and green development. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Systems Practice in Social Science)
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5 pages, 834 KiB  
Short Note
(E)-1-(Benzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)-5,6,6-trimethylhept-4-en-3-one
by Mario Rico-Molina, Joaquín Altarejos and Sofía Salido
Molbank 2024, 2024(4), M1938; https://doi.org/10.3390/M1938 (registering DOI) - 11 Dec 2024
Abstract
The title compound (1) was obtained within a project to synthesize analogs of the antiepileptic drug stiripentol. Compound 1 was synthesized by aldol addition of the lithium enolate of 4-(benzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)butan-2-one (2) to 3,3-dimethylbutan-2-one (3), followed [...] Read more.
The title compound (1) was obtained within a project to synthesize analogs of the antiepileptic drug stiripentol. Compound 1 was synthesized by aldol addition of the lithium enolate of 4-(benzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)butan-2-one (2) to 3,3-dimethylbutan-2-one (3), followed by the dehydration of the resulting β-hydroxy-ketone under acid processing. The structure of 1 was established by 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy and high-resolution mass spectrometry. Full article
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12 pages, 283 KiB  
Article
Mental Health Awareness: Stigma and Help-Seeking Among Portuguese College Students
by Paula Saraiva Carvalho, Nádia Pombal, Jorge Gama and Manuel Loureiro
Healthcare 2024, 12(24), 2505; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12242505 (registering DOI) - 11 Dec 2024
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Help-seeking—that is, the attempt to attain external help for mental health, be it from formal or informal sources—can be described as an adaptive coping process. Mental illness stigma is the most frequently identified barrier that prevents students from seeking psychological help. This [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Help-seeking—that is, the attempt to attain external help for mental health, be it from formal or informal sources—can be described as an adaptive coping process. Mental illness stigma is the most frequently identified barrier that prevents students from seeking psychological help. This study analyzed college students’ beliefs about mental illness and attitudes toward formal psychological help-seeking. Methods: Two hundred and eighty-two students from the first and third undergraduate years of Psychology, Sociology, Fashion Design, and Sports Science courses participated. The majority of the sample (75.4%) was female, while only 24.6% was male, with a mean age of 20.04 years. The scales used were the Inventory of Beliefs about Mental Illness (IBMI), the Inventory of Attitudes Toward Seeking Mental Health Services (IATSMHS), and a sociodemographic questionnaire. Results: The results revealed that females, third-year students, and Psychology students had fewer stigmatizing beliefs about mental illness and more positive attitudes towards help-seeking. Moreover, there were statistically significant differences in beliefs and attitudes in relation to psychological support and familiarity with mental illness. We also glimpsed the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on students’ mental health, and observed a change in opinions and attitudes toward mental illness during this period. Correlation analysis showed negative correlations between stigmatizing beliefs and attitudes toward seeking help. Finally, a cluster analysis identified two profiles of individuals that reflected different levels of stigma and help-seeking attitudes. Conclusions: This study delineated two distinct groups of students, which is relevant as it allows us to trace profiles to outline more uniform intervention groups and, in turn, implement new and improved interventions that are better adapted to the specific needs of college students. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Caring for the Mental Health of Higher Education Students: Coping Strategies and Well-Being Support)
17 pages, 520 KiB  
Article
Ideological Consistency and News Sharing as Predictors of Masking Among College Students
by Adrienne Holz
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2024, 21(12), 1652; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21121652 (registering DOI) - 11 Dec 2024
Abstract
During the COVID-19 pandemic, the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommended the use of well-fitting face masks or respirators as a strategy to reduce respiratory transmission; however, acceptance and utilization of face masks quickly became a contentious, politically charged [...] Read more.
During the COVID-19 pandemic, the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommended the use of well-fitting face masks or respirators as a strategy to reduce respiratory transmission; however, acceptance and utilization of face masks quickly became a contentious, politically charged matter. Given the effectiveness of masking against respiratory viruses, it is critical to understand the various normative factors and personal values associated with mask wearing. To this end, this study reports the findings of an online, cross-sectional survey (n = 1231) of college students during the COVID-19 pandemic. Findings show that ideological consistency, sharing news to create awareness, and sharing unverified news significantly predict masking behaviors, though ideological consistency most substantially explained variance in self-reported masking behaviors. Participants with more liberal political ideologies reported greater adherence to masking policies while those with more conservative ideologies reported less mask-wearing behavior. A better understanding of the predictors of masking behaviors, particularly how political ideologies continue to shape public health responses, is essential for designing more effective communication strategies to control disease spread and help inform strategies for future outbreaks. Study implications and limitations are discussed. Full article
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17 pages, 1311 KiB  
Review
An Overview on Renal and Central Regulation of Blood Pressure by Neuropeptide FF and Its Receptors
by Hewang Lee, Jun B. Feranil and Pedro A. Jose
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(24), 13284; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms252413284 (registering DOI) - 11 Dec 2024
Abstract
Neuropeptide FF (NPFF) is an endogenous octapeptide that was originally isolated from the bovine brain. It belongs to the RFamide family of peptides that has a wide range of physiological functions and pathophysiological effects. NPFF and its receptors, NPFFR1 and NPFFR2, abundantly expressed [...] Read more.
Neuropeptide FF (NPFF) is an endogenous octapeptide that was originally isolated from the bovine brain. It belongs to the RFamide family of peptides that has a wide range of physiological functions and pathophysiological effects. NPFF and its receptors, NPFFR1 and NPFFR2, abundantly expressed in rodent and human brains, participate in cardiovascular regulation. However, the expressions of NPFF and its receptors are not restricted within the central nervous system but are also found in peripheral organs, including the kidneys. Both NPFFR1 and NPFFR2 mainly couple to Gαi/o, which inhibits cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) production. NPFF also weakly binds to other RFamide receptors and the Mas receptor. Relevant published articles were searched in PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and Scopus. Herein, we review evidence for the role of NPFF in the regulation of blood pressure, in the central nervous system, particularly within the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus and the brainstem, and the kidneys. NPFF is a potential _target in the treatment of hypertension. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Research on Hypertension and Related Complications)
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15 pages, 1274 KiB  
Article
Microbiological Evaluation of Local and Imported Raw Beef Meat at Retail Sites in Oman with Emphasis on Spoilage and Pathogenic Psychrotrophic Bacteria
by Musallam A. Al-Mazrouei, Zahra S. Al-Kharousi, Jamila M. Al-Kharousi and Hajer M. Al-Barashdi
Microorganisms 2024, 12(12), 2545; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12122545 (registering DOI) - 11 Dec 2024
Abstract
Determining the microbial quality and safety of meat is crucial because of its high potential to harbor pathogens. To address the critical knowledge gap and shed light on potential contamination risk in the meat supply chain, this study aimed to assess the underexplored [...] Read more.
Determining the microbial quality and safety of meat is crucial because of its high potential to harbor pathogens. To address the critical knowledge gap and shed light on potential contamination risk in the meat supply chain, this study aimed to assess the underexplored microbial quality and safety of marketed beef meat in Oman. Thirty-three beef meat samples from six hypermarkets were analyzed for Aerobic Plate Count (APC), Psychrotrophic Bacteria Count (PBC), and coliform and Escherichia coli counts. Prevalences were 93% and 94% (means: 2.8 ± 1.1 and 2.6 ± 0.8 log CFU/g, respectively) for coliform, and 80% and 83% (means: 1.8 ± 1.4 and 1.7 ± 0.9 log CFU/g, respectively) for E. coli in imported and local samples, respectively. The mean counts of APC (6.3 ± 0.1 log CFU/g) and PBC (6.2 ± 0.2 log CFU/g) were statistically similar but different from those of coliform and E. coli. Bacterial identification using VITEK 2 compact revealed spoilage bacteria (Pseudomonas luteola, Pseudomonas fluorescens, and Shewanella putrefaciens) and pathogenic bacteria (Acinetobacter bumannii complex, Aerococcus viridans, Enterococcus faecalis, and Oligella ureolytica), which demonstrates a potential for both spoilage and pathogen-related risks. It is concluded that the APC counts of all samples exceeded acceptable standards set by the G.C.C. Standardization Organization (GSO), which was established to protect food safety and public health in Oman and other Gulf countries. This suggests an increased risk of spoilage and pathogen contamination. This study provides one of the earliest reports of microbial contamination levels in meat, serving as an eye-opener for policymakers and stakeholders. It highlights a need for stricter hygiene protocols and improved meat handling and processing practices to enhance meat safety and protect public health in Oman and the Gulf region. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food and Water-Borne Pathogens: Epidemiology, Genomics, Virulence and Resistance Profiles)
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13 pages, 3755 KiB  
Article
Local Scale Biogeographic Variation in the Magnolia (Magnolia grandiflora) Phyllosphere
by Stephanie N. Vaughn, Elizabeth M. Eckard, Venkat K. Kota, Kurre T. Luber and Colin R. Jackson
Microorganisms 2024, 12(12), 2546; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12122546 (registering DOI) - 11 Dec 2024
Abstract
The phyllosphere (aerial plant surfaces colonized by microorganisms) remains an understudied ecosystem in terms of bacterial biogeography, particularly at intermediate or local spatial scales. This study characterized the phyllosphere bacterial community on the leaves of 87 Magnolia grandiflora trees sampled throughout a small [...] Read more.
The phyllosphere (aerial plant surfaces colonized by microorganisms) remains an understudied ecosystem in terms of bacterial biogeography, particularly at intermediate or local spatial scales. This study characterized the phyllosphere bacterial community on the leaves of 87 Magnolia grandiflora trees sampled throughout a small town, encompassing an area of approximately 60 km2. Sequencing of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene revealed the dominant bacterial phyla to be Alphaproteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Acidobacteria, consistent with other studies of the phyllosphere. There was a small but significant relationship between the phyllosphere community similarity and the distance between the trees (i.e., trees further apart were more likely to have dissimilar bacterial communities). There was also a relationship between the assigned categories of tree height (low, medium, high) and the phyllosphere bacterial community composition, with the trees in the high category having more diverse bacterial communities on their leaves than the shorter trees. This study provides insight into the relationship between phyllosphere community composition and host tree characteristics and shows that the distance between M. grandiflora trees has a significant, albeit low, influence on bacterial composition. These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of phyllosphere microbiome biogeography, highlighting how individual tree characteristics and spatial proximity shape phyllosphere bacterial communities. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Microbiology)
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14 pages, 271 KiB  
Article
Improper Integrals of Type II—A New Look and Some Surprising Facts
by Jakub Jan Ludew, Michał Różański, Wiktor Tomiczek, Adrian Smuda and Roman Wituła
Symmetry 2024, 16(12), 1637; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym16121637 (registering DOI) - 11 Dec 2024
Abstract
The goal of this work is to present a new theoretical and simultaneously practical approach to the conception of improper integrals of type II and, consequently, to improper integrals of type I. Seven distinct definitions of improper integrals of type II are presented, [...] Read more.
The goal of this work is to present a new theoretical and simultaneously practical approach to the conception of improper integrals of type II and, consequently, to improper integrals of type I. Seven distinct definitions of improper integrals of type II are presented, each illustrated by suitable examples. Among them, particularly important are those defined on nets composed of sets symmetric with respect to points belonging to a given finite family of points. Connections between improper integrals of type II defined here are described in two main theorems. It should be emphasized that all definitions of improper integrals presented here are special cases of a very general definition of improper integrals on non-compact sets, which is presented at the end of this work. This definition is inspired by a concept introduced by Maurin. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symmetry in Numerical Analysis and Applied Mathematics)
11 pages, 891 KiB  
Article
Longitudinal Follow-Up of the Psychological Well-Being of Patients with Colorectal Cancer: Final Analysis of PICO-SM
by Konstantinos Kamposioras, Panagiotis Ntellas, Katerina Dadouli, Eleftherios Christodoulis, Marios Adamou, Daniel Anderson, Anup Shanthappa, Jacqueline Connell, Joseph Williams, Lilly Simpson, Theodora Germetaki, Michael Braun, Jorge Barriuso, Jurjees Hasan, Saifee Mullamitha, Kalena Marti, Mark Saunders and Kok Haw Jonathan Lim
Curr. Oncol. 2024, 31(12), 7903-7913; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol31120582 (registering DOI) - 11 Dec 2024
Abstract
PICO-SM was a prospective longitudinal study investigating the psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on patients with colorectal cancer treated in a large UK tertiary cancer centre. Here, we present the impact of the third wave of the pandemic (December 2021 to February [...] Read more.
PICO-SM was a prospective longitudinal study investigating the psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on patients with colorectal cancer treated in a large UK tertiary cancer centre. Here, we present the impact of the third wave of the pandemic (December 2021 to February 2022), when the Omicron variant became prevalent in the UK, and the complete longitudinal comparison across the entire duration of this study. Patients were invited to complete a questionnaire, including screening psychometric tools. In total, n = 312 patients were included in the final analysis. Specifically, in this Omicron-predominant wave, n = 96 patients were studied in detail: the mean age was 64 years, 64% were male, 33% reported poor well-being, 27% anxiety, 11% depressive symptoms, and 3% trauma-related symptoms. The participants who had investigations cancelled (OR 9.22, 95% CI 1.09–77.85; p = 0.041) or felt that the pandemic would affect their mental health (OR 3.82, 95% CI 1.96–7.44; p < 0.001) had an increased risk of anxiety according to a multivariate analysis. Similarly, independent predictors of poor well-being included concern that the pandemic would affect their cancer treatment (OR 4.59, 95% CI 1.03–20.56; p = 0.046) or mental health (OR 3.90, 95% CI 1.38–11.03; p = 0.010). The psychological distress experienced by patients, particularly anxiety, remained high during the third wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. These results align with our previously reported findings, emphasising the importance of continuing cancer treatment amidst an ongoing humanitarian emergency. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Psychosocial Oncology)
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16 pages, 301 KiB  
Review
Updates on Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cells in Large B-Cell Lymphoma
by Khalil Saleh, Nadine Khalife, Ahmadreza Arbab, Rita Khoury, Claude Chahine, Rebecca Ibrahim, Zamzam Tikriti, Nohad Masri, Mohamad Hachem and Axel Le Cesne
Biomedicines 2024, 12(12), 2810; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12122810 (registering DOI) - 11 Dec 2024
Abstract
CD19-_targeting chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cells have changed the treatment paradigm of patients with large B-cell lymphoma (LBCL). Three CAR T-cells were approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for patients with relapsed and/or refractory (R/R) LBCL in the third-line setting: tisagenlecleucel [...] Read more.
CD19-_targeting chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cells have changed the treatment paradigm of patients with large B-cell lymphoma (LBCL). Three CAR T-cells were approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for patients with relapsed and/or refractory (R/R) LBCL in the third-line setting: tisagenlecleucel (tisa-cel), axicabtagene ciloleucel (axi-cel), and lisocabtagene maraleucel (liso-cel), with an ORR ranging from 58% to 82%. More recently, axi-cel and liso-cel were approved as second-line treatments for patients with R/R disease up to 12 months after the completion of first-line chemo-immunotherapy. The safety profile was acceptable with cytokine release syndrome and immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome being the two most frequent acute adverse events. Potential long-term toxicities of CD19-_targeting CAR T-cells have also been described. Overall, 30% to 40% of patients are cured with a single infusion of CAR T-cells. However, 60% to 70% of patients relapse after being treated with CAR T-cells and have a dismal prognosis. The advent of bispecific antibodies (BsAb) offers an additional treatment modality for patients with R/R LBCL. The aim of this review is to describe the clinical efficacy of the three CAR T-cells, as well as their safety profile. We also compare these three CAR T-cells in terms of their efficacy and safety profile as well as evaluating the place of CAR T-cells and BsAb in the treatment arsenal of patients with R/R LBCL. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in CAR-T Cell Therapy)
15 pages, 300 KiB  
Review
Comparative Absorption and Bioavailability of Various Chemical Forms of Zinc in Humans: A Narrative Review
by Prasad P. Devarshi, Qingqing Mao, Ryan W. Grant and Susan Hazels Mitmesser
Nutrients 2024, 16(24), 4269; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16244269 (registering DOI) - 11 Dec 2024
Abstract
Zinc is an essential micronutrient that is needed for numerous critical health functions in the body. It is estimated that 17 to 20% of the global population is at risk for zinc deficiency, with certain groups at higher risk. The provision of supplemental [...] Read more.
Zinc is an essential micronutrient that is needed for numerous critical health functions in the body. It is estimated that 17 to 20% of the global population is at risk for zinc deficiency, with certain groups at higher risk. The provision of supplemental zinc is a convenient and effective option for treating zinc deficiency and maintaining healthy levels of zinc. Several zinc salts are available for use in supplements. However, little information is available comparing the absorption and bioavailability of these different chemical forms of zinc. In this narrative review, we provide an overview of zinc absorption and bioavailability, discuss indicators of zinc status and risk factors for zinc deficiency, and review clinical studies comparing the absorption and bioavailability of different chemical forms of zinc in humans. This review of the clinical evidence suggests that zinc glycinate and zinc gluconate are better absorbed than other forms of zinc. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Clinical Nutrition)
17 pages, 4269 KiB  
Article
Potential Involvement of Buchnera aphidicola (Enterobacteriales, Enterobacteriaceae) in Biotype Differentiation of Sitobion avenae (Hemiptera: Aphididae)
by Yanyan Lan, Jingpeng Li, Shuo Zhang, Qiuju Qin, Deguang Liu, Chen Luo, Shipeng Han, Da Wang and Yunzhuan He
Insects 2024, 15(12), 980; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15120980 (registering DOI) - 11 Dec 2024
Abstract
Buchnera aphidicola, an obligate endosymbiont of most aphid species, can influence aphids’ host adaptability through amino acid metabolism, potentially mediating biotype differentiation. However, its role in the biotype differentiation of Sitobion avenae remains unclear. To address this issue, six S. avenae biotypes [...] Read more.
Buchnera aphidicola, an obligate endosymbiont of most aphid species, can influence aphids’ host adaptability through amino acid metabolism, potentially mediating biotype differentiation. However, its role in the biotype differentiation of Sitobion avenae remains unclear. To address this issue, six S. avenae biotypes were tested in this study. Buchnera abundance varied among biotypes fed on different wheat/barley varieties (i.e., Zhong 4 wumang, 186-TM12-34; Dulihuang, Zaoshu No.3, Xiyin No.2). The reduction in Buchnera abundance through antibiotic (rifampicin) treatment altered the virulence of five S. avenae biotypes. Based on transcriptome analysis, the differential expression of three genes (i.e., LeuB, TrpE, and IlvD) related to leucine, tryptophan, isoleucine, and valine metabolism was detected between different biotypes. Principal component analysis showed that leucine and tryptophan deficiencies most significantly impacted nymph development duration and aphid fecundity. Additionally, a neighbor-joining phylogenetic tree indicated the genetic differentiation of Buchnera among different biotypes. These results suggest Buchnera-mediated amino acid metabolism is correlated with biotype differentiation in S. avenae, although the precise mechanisms by which Buchnera influences this differentiation require further investigation. This study can offer a theoretical basis for the development of resistant crops, leading to the sustainable control of this aphid and reduced reliance on chemical insecticides. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biology and Molecular Mechanisms of Plant-Aphid Interactions)
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16 pages, 580 KiB  
Article
Solving a Fully Intuitionistic Fuzzy Transportation Problem Using a Hybrid Multi-Objective Optimization Approach
by Sadegh Niroomand, Tofigh Allahviranloo, Ali Mahmoodirad, Alireza Amirteimoori, Leo Mršić and Sovan Samanta
Mathematics 2024, 12(24), 3898; https://doi.org/10.3390/math12243898 (registering DOI) - 11 Dec 2024
Abstract
In this study, a typical transportation problem involving intuitionistic fuzzy-type variables and parameters is focused on. The approaches proposed in the literature for such transportation problems have many shortcomings, such as the use of ranking functions and obtaining an infeasible solution with negative [...] Read more.
In this study, a typical transportation problem involving intuitionistic fuzzy-type variables and parameters is focused on. The approaches proposed in the literature for such transportation problems have many shortcomings, such as the use of ranking functions and obtaining an infeasible solution with negative values for variables and objective functions in the presence of non-negative unit transportation charges. To overcome such weaknesses, a new approach without a ranking function is introduced in this paper. The proposed approach first constructs an equivalent crisp multi-objective form of the intuitionistic fuzzy transportation problem and then proposes a new hybrid multi-objective solution procedure to tackle the obtained crisp multi-objective problem. The conducted computer experiments with benchmark problems from the existing studies of the literature reflect the effectiveness of the proposed solution approach of this study in terms of the quality of the results when compared to the available approaches of the literature. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fuzzy Logic Applications in Traffic and Transportation Engineering)
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15 pages, 1265 KiB  
Opinion
Nurturing Futures: The Role of Veterinary Nurses in Promoting the Healthy Development of Puppies and Kittens
by Tabitha Hookey, Brianne Morrow, Georgiana R. T. Woods, Franck Péron, John Flanagan and Virginie Gaillard
Pets 2024, 1(3), 443-457; https://doi.org/10.3390/pets1030031 (registering DOI) - 11 Dec 2024
Abstract
The health of adult dogs and cats is affected positively or negatively by their development in utero and throughout postnatal growth. Preventive veterinary care is particularly important when animals are physiologically immature and sensitive to modifiable environmental factors. Veterinary nurses/technicians are often at [...] Read more.
The health of adult dogs and cats is affected positively or negatively by their development in utero and throughout postnatal growth. Preventive veterinary care is particularly important when animals are physiologically immature and sensitive to modifiable environmental factors. Veterinary nurses/technicians are often at the forefront of promoting healthy development, reinforcing the work of veterinarians and using their knowledge, experience, and passion to lead initiatives with breeders and pet guardians. This opinion article considers the role of qualified veterinary nurses/technicians in the care of puppies and kittens throughout their developmental life stages—gestation, the suckling period, growth post-weaning to puberty or neutering, and late growth to adulthood. Much of their influence is through the education of pet carers; they provide trustworthy information relevant to the individual pet and focused on the practicalities of best husbandry practices. These include practical advice on recognizing dystocia, neonatal care, weaning, introduction to the new home, the prevention and management of infectious diseases, socialization with conspecifics and humans, habituation to potential environmental stresses, nutrition, oral hygiene, and grooming. The veterinary nurse’s goal is not only to see young pets develop into healthy, well-adjusted adults but also to see pet guardians developing sustainable human–animal bonds. Full article
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34 pages, 13462 KiB  
Review
Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete: A Systematic Review of Usage in Shield Tunnel Segment
by Xianda Ren, Yongli Xie, Fan Ding, Dazhao Sun and Haiyang Liu
Sustainability 2024, 16(24), 10832; https://doi.org/10.3390/su162410832 (registering DOI) - 11 Dec 2024
Abstract
With the advancement of tunnel construction, the load-bearing capacity of shield tunnel segments is diminishing, while issues of deformation and fissuring are becoming more conspicuous, posing direct threats to structural integrity and functionality. Steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC) is considered a prevalent material, [...] Read more.
With the advancement of tunnel construction, the load-bearing capacity of shield tunnel segments is diminishing, while issues of deformation and fissuring are becoming more conspicuous, posing direct threats to structural integrity and functionality. Steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC) is considered a prevalent material, endowed with high strength, excellent crack control, fracture toughness, and remarkable economic advantages. This paper surveys the state-of-the-art research on SFRC, systematically encapsulating key aspects regarding its composition, attributes, methods of segment reinforcement, constitutive models for SFRC segments, and performance enhancements of SFRC segments. By optimizing steel fiber content, aggregate preparation, and selection of chemical admixtures, the mechanical performance of SFRC can be augmented, among which the aspect ratio (l/d) and volume fraction (Vf) of steel fibers exert the most significant influence. Compared with conventional reinforcing materials, SFRC possesses benefits of low cost, uncomplicated fabrication, and superior durability. As a heterogeneous multiphase composite, SFRC exhibits high strength, stiffness, and excellent crack resistance, which can amplify the load-bearing capacity and deformation resistance of the segments, defer damage inception, and thereby enhance the safety and durability of tunnel-lining segments. This study assists in redressing the deficiencies of current shield tunnel segment reinforcement technologies and further facilitates the extensive employment of SFRC in tunnel segment strengthening and restoration. Full article
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14 pages, 297 KiB  
Review
Factors Determining Ageing Processes and Well-Being of Older Adults Serving Prison Sentences in Germany
by Andrea Kenkmann, Liane Meyer, Christian Ghanem and Sandra Verhülsdonk
Soc. Sci. 2024, 13(12), 665; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci13120665 (registering DOI) - 11 Dec 2024
Abstract
The well-being of older adults is influenced by their physical and mental health, their opportunities to complete activities of daily living effectively and autonomously, as well as their social connectedness, meaningfulness and positive outlook to the future. Older adults with a prison sentence [...] Read more.
The well-being of older adults is influenced by their physical and mental health, their opportunities to complete activities of daily living effectively and autonomously, as well as their social connectedness, meaningfulness and positive outlook to the future. Older adults with a prison sentence face numerous challenges that affect their well-being and influence their opportunities to age well. This paper aims to synthesize and analyse factors that determine what opportunities older adults have during and after their prison sentences in Germany. Data from several studies by the authors are used to identify factors affecting ageing processes. Older adults with a prison sentence are a heterogeneous population in Germany where health conditions, social relations and impairments vary on entry in the prison system. Regional differences in sentencing as well as support structures within the prison system further affect older adults’ health and opportunities to lead self-determined lives after their release. While factors influencing older adults with a prison sentence and their ageing are identified, more research is needed to evaluate the impact of each of them to assess older adults’ well-being after their release from prison. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Social Care, Older People and Imprisonment)
23 pages, 2719 KiB  
Article
An Implementation of Web-Based Answer Platform in the Flutter Programming Learning Assistant System Using Docker Compose
by Lynn Htet Aung, Soe Thandar Aung, Nobuo Funabiki, Htoo Htoo Sandi Kyaw and Wen-Chung Kao
Electronics 2024, 13(24), 4878; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13244878 (registering DOI) - 11 Dec 2024
Abstract
Programming has gained significant importance worldwide as societies increasingly rely on computer application systems. To support novices in learning various programming languages, we have developed the Programming Learning Assistant System (PLAS). It offers several types of exercise problems with different learning goals [...] Read more.
Programming has gained significant importance worldwide as societies increasingly rely on computer application systems. To support novices in learning various programming languages, we have developed the Programming Learning Assistant System (PLAS). It offers several types of exercise problems with different learning goals and levels for step-by-step self-study. As a personal answer platform in PLAS, we have implemented a web application using Node.js and EJS for Java and Python programming. Recently, the Flutter framework with Dart programming has become popular, enabling developers to build applications for mobile, web, and desktop environments from a single codebase. Thus, we have extended PLAS by implementing the Flutter environment with Visual Studio Code to support it. Additionally, we have developed an image-based user interface (UI) testing tool to verify student source code by comparing its generated UI image with the standard one using the ORB and SIFT algorithms in OpenCV. For efficient distribution to students, we have generated Docker images of the answer platform, Flutter environment, and image-based UI testing tool. In this paper, we present the implementation of a web-based answer platform for the Flutter Programming Learning Assistant System (FPLAS) by integrating three Docker images using Docker Compose. Additionally, to capture UI images automatically, an Nginx web application server is adopted with its Docker image. For evaluations, we asked 10 graduate students at Okayama University, Japan, to install the answer platform on their PCs and solve five exercise problems. All the students successfully completed the problems, which confirms the validity and effectiveness of the proposed system. Full article
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13 pages, 1305 KiB  
Article
Unveiling the Potential of Cmax f2 Factor Applied to Pilot Bioavailability/Bioequivalence Studies—A Case Study with Pazopanib Drug Products
by Sara Carolina Henriques, Ana Leblanc, Sérgio Simões, Marlene Fonseca, Francisco Luís Pimentel, Luis Almeida and Nuno Elvas Silva
Pharmaceutics 2024, 16(12), 1579; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics16121579 (registering DOI) - 11 Dec 2024
Abstract
Background: When companies are uncertain about the potential of a new formulation to be bioequivalent to a Reference product, it is common practice to carry out downsized pilot studies as a gatekeeping in vivo strategy to decide whether to move forward or not [...] Read more.
Background: When companies are uncertain about the potential of a new formulation to be bioequivalent to a Reference product, it is common practice to carry out downsized pilot studies as a gatekeeping in vivo strategy to decide whether to move forward or not with a full-size pivotal study. However, due to the small study size, these studies are inarguably more sensitive to variability. Objectives: To address and mitigate the uncertainty of the conclusions of pilot studies concerning the maximum observed concentration (Cmax), the f2 factor was proposed as an alternative approach to the average bioequivalence statistical methodology. Methods: In this work, the alternative methodology is applied to pharmacokinetic data from pilot bioequivalence trials performed with pazopanib 200 mg and 400 mg. Results: Despite the small sample size, and very high intra-subject variability, the f2 factor demonstrated the potential for predicting bioequivalence. The positive results were confirmed in the full sized pivotal studies. Conclusions: In conclusion, this alternate methodology shows promise in reducing uncertainty associated with pilot studies and aiding in decisions to go forward with pivotal bioequivalence studies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on the Prediction and Optimization of the Solubility and Permeability of Biopharmaceuticals)
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14 pages, 2353 KiB  
Article
Sensitivity of Acoustic Voice Quality Measures in Simulated Reverberation Conditions
by Ahmed M. Yousef and Eric J. Hunter
Bioengineering 2024, 11(12), 1253; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering11121253 (registering DOI) - 11 Dec 2024
Abstract
Room reverberation can affect oral/aural communication and is especially critical in computer analysis of voice. High levels of reverberation can distort voice recordings, impacting the accuracy of quantifying voice production quality and vocal health evaluations. This study quantifies the impact of additive simulated [...] Read more.
Room reverberation can affect oral/aural communication and is especially critical in computer analysis of voice. High levels of reverberation can distort voice recordings, impacting the accuracy of quantifying voice production quality and vocal health evaluations. This study quantifies the impact of additive simulated reverberation on otherwise clean voice recordings as reflected in voice metrics commonly used for voice quality evaluation. From a larger database of voice recordings collected in a low-noise, low-reverberation environment, voice samples of a sustained [a:] vowel produced at two different speaker intents (comfortable and clear) by five healthy voice college-age female native English speakers were used. Using the reverb effect in Audacity, eight reverberation situations indicating a range of reverberation times (T20 between 0.004 and 1.82 s) were simulated and convolved with the original recordings. All voice samples, both original and reverberation-affected, were analyzed using freely available PRAAT software (version 6.0.13) to calculate five common voice parameters: jitter, shimmer, harmonic-to-noise ratio (HNR), alpha ratio, and smoothed cepstral peak prominence (CPPs). Statistical analyses assessed the sensitivity and variations in voice metrics to a range of simulated room reverberation conditions. Results showed that jitter, HNR, and alpha ratio were stable at simulated reverberation times below T20 of 1 s, with HNR and jitter more stable in the clear vocal style. Shimmer was highly sensitive even at T20 of 0.53 s, which would reflect a common room, while CPPs remained stable across all simulated reverberation conditions. Understanding the sensitivity and stability of these voice metrics to a range of room acoustics effects allows for _targeted use of certain metrics even in less controlled environments, enabling selective application of stable measures like CPPs and cautious interpretation of shimmer, ensuring more reliable and accurate voice assessments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Models and Analysis of Vocal Emissions for Biomedical Applications)
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9 pages, 898 KiB  
Communication
Rapid and Non-Invasive Determination of Iodine Value by Magnetic Resonance Relaxometry in Commercial Edible Oils
by Víctor Remiro, María Dolores Romero-de-Ávila, José Segura, María Isabel Cambero, María Encarnación Fernández-Valle and David Castejón
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(24), 11530; https://doi.org/10.3390/app142411530 (registering DOI) - 11 Dec 2024
Abstract
This study presents a fast, non-invasive method to determine the iodine value (IV) of edible oils using Time Domain Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (TD-NMR) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) techniques. The IV, which quantifies the degree of unsaturation in fats and oils, is a [...] Read more.
This study presents a fast, non-invasive method to determine the iodine value (IV) of edible oils using Time Domain Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (TD-NMR) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) techniques. The IV, which quantifies the degree of unsaturation in fats and oils, is a key parameter in assessing oil quality and detecting potential adulteration. Different edible oils were used in this study (sunflower, soy, olive, sesame, and linseed). Statistically significant regression models (R2 > 0.92) were established between the IV derived from NMR spectra and the longitudinal (T1) and transverse (T2) relaxation times of the oils, which were obtained from MRI and TD-NMR analyses. The regression models obtained allow for the prediction of the IV from the T1 and T2 relaxation times across a range that includes predominantly mono- and polyunsaturated edible vegetable oils. The TD-NMR approach stands out for its speed (<2 min), lack of sample preparation (including direct analysis within the commercial packaging), and reproducibility, with a variability of only 0.62%. Meanwhile, the MRI technique allows for the simultaneous evaluation of multiple samples in a single acquisition. Together, these features make TD-NMR and MRI effective tools for the rapid and reliable analysis of the IV in edible oils. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Food Analysis and Processing)
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18 pages, 7233 KiB  
Article
An Enhanced Retrieval Scheme for a Large Language Model with a Joint Strategy of Probabilistic Relevance and Semantic Association in the Vertical Domain
by Qi Chen, Weifeng Zhou, Jian Cheng and Ji Yang
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(24), 11529; https://doi.org/10.3390/app142411529 (registering DOI) - 11 Dec 2024
Abstract
Large language model (LLM) processing, with natural language as its core, carries out information retrieval through intelligent Q&A. It has a wide range of application scenarios and is commonly considered a kind of generative AI. However, when LLMs handle generation tasks, the results [...] Read more.
Large language model (LLM) processing, with natural language as its core, carries out information retrieval through intelligent Q&A. It has a wide range of application scenarios and is commonly considered a kind of generative AI. However, when LLMs handle generation tasks, the results generated by fundamental LLMs with an insufficient comprehensive performance, specifically in the vertical domain, are often inaccurate due to a poor generalization ability, resulting in the so-called “hallucination” phenomenon. To solve these problems, in this study, an enhanced retrieval scheme for LLM processing was developed, named the BM-RAGAM (BM25 retrieval-augmented generation attention mechanism), by constructing a vectorized knowledge base, utilizing a hybrid joint retrieval strategy of keyword matching through searching and a semantic-enhanced association with an attention mechanism and taking ocean-front- and eddy-related knowledge in oceanography as an example. This scheme realized accurate word-based matching with the BM25 algorithm and text generation through a semantic-enhanced association using RAG, and it was used to construct a vector database of the text knowledge on ocean fronts and eddies. The output was compared and analyzed with the fundamental LLM of Qwen2-72B using the proposed scheme, and an ablation experiment was conducted. The results show that the proposed scheme greatly reduced hallucination generation in the process of text generation, making its outputs more interpretable. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Computing and Artificial Intelligence)
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20 pages, 2181 KiB  
Article
Design Strategy of Electricity Purchase and Sale Combination Package Based on the Characteristics of Electricity Prosumers in Power System
by Xiaotian Wang, Chuang Liu, Binbin Wu, Wei Wang, Yi Sun, Jie Peng, Xinya Liu and Kai Zhang
Processes 2024, 12(12), 2836; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12122836 (registering DOI) - 11 Dec 2024
Abstract
With the progress in renewable energy and smart grid technologies, electricity users are evolving into prosumers, capable of both consuming and generating electricity through distributed photovoltaic (DPV) systems. Concurrently, the liberalization of the electricity retail market has prompted retailers to design customized electricity [...] Read more.
With the progress in renewable energy and smart grid technologies, electricity users are evolving into prosumers, capable of both consuming and generating electricity through distributed photovoltaic (DPV) systems. Concurrently, the liberalization of the electricity retail market has prompted retailers to design customized electricity packages based on users’ needs and preferences, aiming to enhance service quality, efficiency, and user retention. However, previous studies have not fully addressed the multidimensional characteristics and electricity consumption behaviors that influence package selection. This paper initially dissects user characteristics across three key dimensions: electricity demand preferences, price sensitivity, and risk tolerance. Therefore, leveraging utility functions and autonomous choice behavior models, we propose two innovative electricity purchase and sale combination packages: a fluctuating pricing package and a discount-based pricing package. Furthermore, we introduce the Self-Adaptive Weight and Reverse Learning Particle Swarm Optimization (SAW&RL-PSO) algorithm to address the complexities of these choices. Simulation results indicate that the methodologies presented significantly enhance user benefits and retailer revenues while also effectively managing electricity usage fluctuations and the challenges of integrating large-scale DPV systems into the electrical grid. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modeling, Simulation and Control in Energy Systems)
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12 pages, 588 KiB  
Article
Micropropagation of Robinia pseudoacacia L. Genotypes, Selected for Late Flowering Characteristics
by Doaa Elazab, Giancarlo Fascella, Claudia Ruta, Andrea Vitale and Maurizio Lambardi
Horticulturae 2024, 10(12), 1317; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10121317 (registering DOI) - 11 Dec 2024
Abstract
Robinia pseudoacacia L., commonly known as black locust, is a nitrogen-fixing species characterized by multiple uses. Among these uses, black locust is of special interest to beekeepers due to its abundant flowering and delicious honey. Given the great importance of honey production in [...] Read more.
Robinia pseudoacacia L., commonly known as black locust, is a nitrogen-fixing species characterized by multiple uses. Among these uses, black locust is of special interest to beekeepers due to its abundant flowering and delicious honey. Given the great importance of honey production in Italy, beekeepers are looking for genotypes that have a delayed flowering time. As a consequence, the aim of the present study was to develop a complete protocol of micropropagation for genotypes, which have been selected in the Veneto region due to their delayed flowering, i.e., about 3 months, in comparison with the normal flowering time (from late April to early June). The subsequent steps of the micropropagation protocol (explant decontamination, shoot induction, proliferation, and rooting) were investigated and optimized. The most effective decontamination treatment of explants (axillary buds from shoots developed in a greenhouse) was obtained using 50 mg/L AgNO3 for 20 min. This method resulted in the highest survival and regeneration rates for the explants (90%), although contamination was slightly higher than when using HgCl2 and NaOCl. The best medium for shoot establishment was MS with 1 mg/L of mT, which achieved 100% regeneration of the explants. In comparison with BA, mT at 1 mg/L was shown to be the best stimulator of shoot proliferation, especially in combination with 0.7 mg/L GA3 (Proliferation Rate, 4.7). An intermediate 2 h treatment with AgNO3, in combination with mT, was shown to be beneficial in improving the shoot proliferation and quality in the subsequent subculture in a gelled medium. As for shoot rooting, the shoots that were pre-treated in NH4NO3-free and mT-free MS medium gave the highest ex vitro rooting percentage in a cell tray (80%) and the highest number of roots per shoot (3.6). This optimized protocol opens the door to the massive micropropagation of valuable genotypes of black locust selected for delayed flowering. This is an outcome of extraordinary importance for beekeepers. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue In Vitro Propagation and Biotechnology of Horticultural Plants, 2nd Edition)
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30 pages, 3654 KiB  
Review
Protein and Polysaccharide Fibers via Air Jet Spinning: Emerging Techniques for Biomedical and Sustainable Applications
by Varsha Prahaladan, Nagireddy Poluri, Makara Napoli, Connor Castro, Kerem Yildiz, Brea-Anna Berry-White, Ping Lu, David Salas-de la Cruz and Xiao Hu
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(24), 13282; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms252413282 (registering DOI) - 11 Dec 2024
Abstract
Polymers play a critical role in the biomedical and sustainable materials fields, serving as key resources for both research and product development. While synthetic and natural polymers are both widely used, synthetic polymers have traditionally dominated due to their ability to meet the [...] Read more.
Polymers play a critical role in the biomedical and sustainable materials fields, serving as key resources for both research and product development. While synthetic and natural polymers are both widely used, synthetic polymers have traditionally dominated due to their ability to meet the specific material requirements of most fiber fabrication methods. However, synthetic polymers are derived from non-renewable resources, and their production raises environmental and health concerns. Natural polymers, on the other hand, are derived from renewable biological sources and include a subset known as biopolymers, such as proteins and polysaccharides, which are produced by living organisms. These biopolymers are naturally abundant and offer benefits such as biodegradability and non-toxicity, making them especially suitable for biomedical and green applications. Recently, air jet spinning has emerged as a promising method for fabricating biopolymer fibers, valued for its simplicity, cost-effectiveness, and safety—advantages that stand out compared to the more conventional electrospinning process. This review examines the methods and mechanisms of air jet spinning, drawing on empirical studies and practical insights to highlight its advantages over traditional fiber production techniques. By assembling natural biopolymers into micro- and nanofibers, this novel fabrication method demonstrates strong potential for _targeted applications, including tissue engineering, drug delivery, air filtration, food packaging, and biosensing, utilizing various protein and polysaccharide sources. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Feature Papers in 'Macromolecules')
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21 pages, 4145 KiB  
Article
Assessing the Potential Synergistic/Antagonistic Effects of Citrinin and Cannabidiol on SH-SY5Y, HepG2, HEK293 Cell Lines, and Human Lymphocytes
by Dubravka Rašić, Antonio Zandona, Maja Katalinić, Martin Češi and Nevenka Kopjar
Toxins 2024, 16(12), 534; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins16120534 (registering DOI) - 11 Dec 2024
Abstract
The increasing use of Cannabis sativa products for medicinal, dietary, and recreational purposes has raised concerns about mycotoxin contamination in cannabis and hemp. Mycotoxins persist in these products’ post-processing, posing health risks via multiple exposure routes. This study investigated cytotoxic and genotoxic interactions [...] Read more.
The increasing use of Cannabis sativa products for medicinal, dietary, and recreational purposes has raised concerns about mycotoxin contamination in cannabis and hemp. Mycotoxins persist in these products’ post-processing, posing health risks via multiple exposure routes. This study investigated cytotoxic and genotoxic interactions between cannabidiol (CBD) and the mycotoxin citrinin (CIT) using human cell models: SH-SY5Y, HepG2, HEK293, and peripheral blood lymphocytes. IC50 values and membrane disruption were initially assessed, followed by an evaluation of genotoxicity in lymphocytes using the Comet Assay and Cytokinesis Blocked Micronucleus Cytome Assay. Obtained findings demonstrate that cell-type sensitivity varied across treatments, with combined CBD and CIT exposure exhibiting distinct interactions. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release remained minimal, suggesting cytotoxicity did not stem from membrane disruption but likely involved intracellular pathways. In lymphocytes, CBD alone produced negligible cyto/genotoxic effects and weak antiproliferative responses, whereas CIT displayed clear toxic impacts. DNA damage indicates that CIT may induce genome instability through indirect mechanisms rather than direct DNA interaction, with evidence of potential aneuploidic effects from the CBMN Cyt Assay. Combined exposure led to a reduction in CIT-induced DNA and cytogenetic damage, suggesting CIT’s potential interference with the beneficial properties of CBD. These results provide a foundation for further toxicological assessments and highlight the necessity of standardized mycotoxin monitoring in cannabis-derived products. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Occurrence, Toxicity, Metabolism, Analysis and Control of Mycotoxins)
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