Nutrients

17 pages, 782 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Cashew Nut Consumption on Biomarkers of Copper and Zinc Status in Adolescents with Obesity: A Randomized Controlled Trial

by Thaynan dos Santos Dias, Kaluce G. de S. Almondes, Matheus A. D. Firmino, Luis Felipe N. de Oliveira, Walter B. de S. Freire, Fernando B. Júnior, Maria Dinara de A. Nogueira, Liliane V. Pires, Vicente Martínez-Vizcaíno, Arthur E. Mesas, Luis A. Moreno and Carla S. C. Maia

Nutrients 2025, 17(1), 163; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17010163 - 31 Dec 2024

Abstract

Background: Children and adolescents with obesity have altered serum copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) levels, which are associated with oxidative stress, inflammation, and health outcomes. The inclusion of cashew nuts in an adequate diet may provide health benefits and help improve the mineral [...] Read more.

Background: Children and adolescents with obesity have altered serum copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) levels, which are associated with oxidative stress, inflammation, and health outcomes. The inclusion of cashew nuts in an adequate diet may provide health benefits and help improve the mineral status of individuals with obesity. Objective: To evaluate the effects of cashew nut consumption on biomarkers of Cu and Zn status in adolescents with obesity. Methods: This was a randomized controlled trial conducted in adolescents. The participants were divided into a control group (CON) and a cashew nut group (CASN). The CASN group received 30 g/day of roasted cashew nuts for 12 weeks, and both groups received nutritional counseling during the study. Anthropometric, dietary, and biochemical parameters (Zn, Cu, and superoxide dismutase (SOD)) were assessed at the baseline and at the end of the study. Association tests, within-group and between-group mean comparisons, and analyses of variation between study periods (Δ T12-T0) were performed. Results: The sample consisted of 81 adolescents who completed the intervention period, resulting in 54 in the CASN group and 27 in the CON group. After the intervention, the CASN group presented a decrease in plasma Cu (p = 0.004) and an increase in SOD (p = 0.030). Both groups showed an increase in plasma Zn (p < 0.050) and a decrease in the Cu/Zn ratio (p < 0.001). CASN had a negative effect on the Cu concentration, which was significantly different from that of CON (p = 0.004). Conclusions: The consumption of cashew nuts for 12 weeks reduced plasma Cu levels in adolescents with obesity. Nutritional counseling may have contributed to the increase in plasma Zn levels in all the study participants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Micronutrients and Human Health)

15 pages, 1490 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Growth, Safety and Tolerance in Infants Fed Rice Protein Hydrolysate Formula: The GRITO Randomised Controlled Trial

by Anaïs Lemoine, Antonio Nieto-García, María Nieto-Cid, Beatriz Espín-Jaime, Ángel Mazón, Hocine Salhi, Dimitrios Salamouras, Nicolas Kalach, Roser de Castellar-Sansó, Jesús Delgado Ojeda and Víctor Manuel Navas-López

Nutrients 2025, 17(1), 162; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17010162 - 31 Dec 2024

Abstract

Background: Hydrolysed rice formula (HRF) is tolerated by >90% of children with cow’s milk protein allergy (CMPA). However, concerns have been raised about potential suboptimal growth in infants fed HRF compared to those fed an extensively hydrolysed milk protein formula (eHF). Aims [...] Read more.

Background: Hydrolysed rice formula (HRF) is tolerated by >90% of children with cow’s milk protein allergy (CMPA). However, concerns have been raised about potential suboptimal growth in infants fed HRF compared to those fed an extensively hydrolysed milk protein formula (eHF). Aims: To compare growth, safety and tolerance acquisition in infants with CMPA when fed HRF versus eHF. Methods: A multicentre prospective, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled food challenge trial was conducted with infants with CMPA. The infants received either HRF or eHF over a 12-month follow-up period. The primary outcome measure was the change from baseline over the study period in weight-for-length expressed as a Z-score. The secondary outcomes were other anthropometric measurements, tolerability and adverse events (AEs). Results: In total, 105 children were enrolled. The weight-for-length measurements were −0.01 (HRF) and −0.29 (eHF) at baseline and 0.29 and 0.05, respectively, at the last visit, with no significant between-group difference (p = 0.28; mixed-effects model). The Z-scores for other anthropometric variables indicated normal growth, with no significant between-group differences. In total, 29 potentially product-related AEs were reported (12 in the HRF group and 17 in the eHF group). A trend was observed toward a faster acquisition of tolerance in the HRF group (median age: 20.4 months) compared to the eHF group (16.3 months), but this was not statistically significant (p = 0.18). Conclusions: HRF demonstrated appropriate growth, acquisition of tolerance and a good safety profile in infants with CMPA, with no significant differences versus eHF. HRF could be considered as an appropriate option in the management of CMPA. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Nutritional Management of Food Allergy in Children)

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14 pages, 680 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Risk Score to Identify Low Bone Mineral Density for Age in Young Patients with Anorexia Nervosa

by Laurent Maimoun, Helena Huguet, Eric Renard, Patrick Lefebvre, Maude Seneque, Laura Gaspari, Vincent Boudousq, Lisa Maimoun Nande, Philippe Courtet, Charles Sultan, Denis Mariano-Goulart, Marie-Christine Picot and Sebastien Guillaume

Nutrients 2025, 17(1), 161; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17010161 - 31 Dec 2024

Abstract

Objective: Developing a scoring assessment tools for the determination of low bone mass for age at lumbar spine and hip in patients with anorexia nervosa (AN). Methods: The areal bone mineral density (aBMD) was determined with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). In 331 women [...] Read more.

Objective: Developing a scoring assessment tools for the determination of low bone mass for age at lumbar spine and hip in patients with anorexia nervosa (AN). Methods: The areal bone mineral density (aBMD) was determined with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). In 331 women with AN and 121 controls, aged from 14.5 to 34.9 years, univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to address the association of Z-score aBMD evaluated at lumbar spine and hip with several parameters. Results: For the lumbar spine and hip, the three risk factors significantly and independently associated with Z-score aBMD were age of patients (variable in class ≥20 yr vs. <20 yr), minimal disease-related BMI (continuous variable), and duration of amenorrhea without contraceptive use (variable in class ≥18 months vs. <18 months), with close values for the odds ratio for the two bone sites. A simple risk score equation was developed and tested combining only these three parameters. The AUC's measuring the score’s performance were, respectively, 0.85 [95% CI: 0.79–0.90] with a sensitivity of 83% and specificity of 71%, and 0.82 [95% CI: 0.76–0.86] with a sensitivity of 92% and specificity of 55% to detect low aBMD in lumbar spine and hip. The cut-off values for low bone mass for age were 0.9 and 1.33 for the two bone sites. The prediction model revealed that a minimum of 83% of the patients presenting low bone mass for age were correctly identified. Conclusions: the study presents for the first time a risk score for diagnosing low bone mass for age in young patients with AN. Considering its excellent sensitivity, and its ease of use, requiring only three parameters that are well identified in this disease, this new score may be useful in clinical settings when DXA scans are not feasible. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Eating Disorders in Children and Adolescents)

16 pages, 1367 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Tremella fuciformis Berk Alleviated Atherosclerosis Symptoms via Nuclear Factor-Kappa B-Mediated Inflammatory Response in ApoE^−/− Mice

by Yihao Dong, Qinchun Zhang, Rui Xie, Jundi Zhao, Zhihua Han, Yu Li, Han Yu and Yongfeng Zhang

Nutrients 2025, 17(1), 160; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17010160 - 31 Dec 2024

Abstract

Background: Atherosclerosis, a persistent inflammatory disease marked by the presence of atherosclerotic plaques or fibrous plaques, is a significant contributor to the onset of the development of cardiovascular disease. Tremella fuciformis Berk contains various active ingredients that have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and hypolipidemic properties. [...] Read more.

Background: Atherosclerosis, a persistent inflammatory disease marked by the presence of atherosclerotic plaques or fibrous plaques, is a significant contributor to the onset of the development of cardiovascular disease. Tremella fuciformis Berk contains various active ingredients that have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and hypolipidemic properties. Nevertheless, the potential effects of T. fuciformis on atherosclerosis have not been systematically reported. Method: In this study, ApoE^−/− mice were employed as models of atherosclerosis caused by a high-fat diet (HFD) to investigate the effect of T. fuciformis. Gut microbiota and serum metabolism analysis were performed to elucidate the potential mechanism of T. fuciformis for its anti-atherosclerosis effects. Results: T. fuciformis significantly decreased the aortic root wall thickness and the area of lipid droplets, regulated lipid levels, and inhibited fat accumulation to improve aortic root lesions. Furthermore, T. fuciformis significantly altered serum metabolite (including diethyl phthalate and succinate) levels, regulated the abundance of microbiota, such as Coriobacteriaceae_UCG-002 and Alistipes, and suppressed the inflammatory response to ameliorate atherosclerosis via the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB)-mediated inflammatory response in HFD-induced ApoE^−/− mice. Conclusions: These results offer a theoretical basis and data to support T. fuciformis as a potential strategy for treating atherosclerosis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Evaluation of Edible Mushrooms and Their Active Materials)

11 pages, 708 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Association Between Serum Folate Concentrations and 10-Year Stroke Risk in a Prospective Community Cohort: Mediation and Interaction Analyses

by Zhe Liang, Fangfang Fan, Bo Liu, Kaiyin Li, Hongyu Chen, Jia Jia, Yong Huo, Jianping Li and Yan Zhang

Nutrients 2025, 17(1), 159; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17010159 - 31 Dec 2024

Abstract

The relationship between folate concentrations and stroke risk remains unestablished, and the mediation effect of homocysteine (Hcy) and interaction effect of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) C677T gene polymorphism has yet to be investigated. This cohort study involved 4903 subjects derived from a [...] Read more.

The relationship between folate concentrations and stroke risk remains unestablished, and the mediation effect of homocysteine (Hcy) and interaction effect of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) C677T gene polymorphism has yet to be investigated. This cohort study involved 4903 subjects derived from a Chinese community population. The association between folate and first stroke was examined in Cox proportional hazard regression models. The mediation analyses involving Hcy and the undiscovered modification of the MTHFR C677T genotype were assessed. The mean (SD) age of subjects was 56.7 (8.8) years old, and 37.0% were male. A total of 407 strokes, 375 ischemic strokes and 47 hemorrhagic strokes occurred during the mean (SD) follow-up of 9.3 (1.8) years. The participants in the highest folate quartile (≥8.2 ng/mL) exhibited a lower stroke risk compared to those in the lowest quartile (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.68, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.50–0.93, p = 0.017; p for trend = 0.009). Hcy significantly mediated 14.51% of the relationship between folate and stroke in the fully adjusted model. Only in individuals with the MTHFR 677CC genotype but not CT/TT genotype was folate adversely correlated with stroke (HR: 0.88, 95% CI: 0.79–0.97, p for interaction = 0.026) and ischemic stroke (HR: 0.88, 95% CI: 0.80–0.98, p for interaction = 0.035). Insufficient folate concentrations were associated with a heightened 10-year stroke risk, in which Hcy concentrations played a crucial mediating role. MTHFR C677T gene polymorphism could potentially modify the folate–stroke relationship. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutritional Epidemiology)

19 pages, 1048 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of a Rosmarinus officinalis L. Extract and Rosmarinic Acid in Improving Streptozotocin-Induced Aortic Tissue Damages in Rats

by Irina Ielciu, Gabriela Adriana Filip, Alexandra C. Sevastre-Berghian, Ioana Bâldea, Neli-Kinga Olah, Ramona Flavia Burtescu, Vlad Alexandru Toma, Remus Moldovan, Ilioara Oniga and Daniela Hanganu

Nutrients 2025, 17(1), 158; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17010158 - 31 Dec 2024

Abstract

Background/Aim: Rosmarinus officinalis L. (R. officinalis) is an aromatic medicinal species with important nutraceutical potential, having rosmarinic acid (RA) as one of its main metabolites. The present study aims to evaluate the effects of an extract obtained from the leaves of [...] Read more.

Background/Aim: Rosmarinus officinalis L. (R. officinalis) is an aromatic medicinal species with important nutraceutical potential, having rosmarinic acid (RA) as one of its main metabolites. The present study aims to evaluate the effects of an extract obtained from the leaves of this species and of its main metabolite in improving the streptozotocin-induced damage of hearts and aorta of diabetic rats. Methods: The leaves of the species were used to obtain a hydroethanolic extract, which was analyzed using the LC/MS method. Diabetes mellitus was induced by intraperitoneal streptozotocin administration in rats. After two weeks, oxidative stress parameters were evaluated from the heart and aorta homogenates. NOS3, AMPK, and adiponectin levels were quantified using ELISA tests, and thoracic aorta rings were isolated for contractility evaluation in the organ bath. Phospho-NF-κB, NRF2, HIF1 alfa, iNOS, and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) quantification were performed using the Western blot technique. Results: Carnosic acid, together with rosmarinic acid, were proven to be the main metabolites identified in the composition of the tested extract. Administration of the extract and of RA improved the relaxation response to acetylcholine and the redox status, with the reduction in malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide synthase 3 (NOS 3), AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), adiponectin, reduced (GSH) and oxidized glutathione (GSSG) levels, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. RA significantly enhanced the expression of HIF 1α, NRF2, and pNFkB in the heart. Conclusions: Administration of the R. officinalis extract and of RA-alleviated oxidative stress, proving vascular and cardiac antioxidant properties in the hearts and aorta of diabetic rats. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Clinical Nutrition)

13 pages, 338 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Chronobiological Factors Influencing Glycemic Control and Birth Outcomes in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

by Amalia Messika, Yoel Toledano, Eran Hadar, Riva Tauman, Oren Froy and Raanan Shamir

Nutrients 2025, 17(1), 157; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17010157 - 31 Dec 2024

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Studies have shown that chronobiological factors may adversely affect glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. We assessed the association of chronobiological factors with glycemic control and neonatal birth weight in women with GDM. Methods: A prospective cohort study included [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Studies have shown that chronobiological factors may adversely affect glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. We assessed the association of chronobiological factors with glycemic control and neonatal birth weight in women with GDM. Methods: A prospective cohort study included 208 women aged 18–45 years with a singleton pregnancy who were randomly selected from among women undergoing follow-up for GDM at the Maternal-Fetal Medicine Unit of a tertiary medical center. Nutrition, sleep, and lifestyle patterns were assessed from onset of GDM until birth along with glycemic control and birth outcomes. Results: Multivariate analyses on a cohort of 208 women revealed that suboptimal glycemic control was associated with a late breakfast (RR = 2.26; 95% CI 1.09–4.67), increased carbohydrate intake in the evening (RR = 1.19; 95% CI 1.003–1.42), and poor sleep quality (RR = 2.14; 95% CI 1.04–4.41). The adjusted relative risk for neonatal birth weight above the 85th percentile was associated with increased carbohydrate intake in the morning (RR = 1.70; 95%CI 1.30–2.23) and increased carbohydrate intake in the evening (RR = 1.39; 95% CI 1.16–1.67). Conclusions: Chronobiological factors are associated with suboptimal glycemic control and birth weight above the 85th percentile in women with GDM. The study was registered under ClinicalTrials.gov.org, identifier: NCT02916667. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition Intervention in Glycaemic Control and Diabetes)

15 pages, 411 KiB

Open AccessReview

Vitamin D Supplementation in Critically Ill—Narrative Review

by Lenko Saric, Josipa Domazet Bugarin and Svjetlana Dosenovic

Nutrients 2025, 17(1), 156; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17010156 - 31 Dec 2024

Abstract

Background: Studies have shown a high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in critically ill patients, and these patients are at higher risk for pneumonia and have increased incidence of sepsis and mortality. In this study, we reviewed available literature from randomized controlled trials [...] Read more.

Background: Studies have shown a high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in critically ill patients, and these patients are at higher risk for pneumonia and have increased incidence of sepsis and mortality. In this study, we reviewed available literature from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on vitamin D supplementation in critically ill patients and summarized the evidence in this narrative review. Methods: Randomized controlled trials that included vitamin D supplementation as an intervention were eligible for inclusion. No limits were set regarding vitamin D dosage or route of administration, as well as for primary and secondary outcomes. A search was conducted in MEDLINE via PubMed for eligible RCTs. References from systematic reviews (SRs) and meta-analyses (MAs) were screened, and Clinicaltrials.gov was searched for ongoing studies. Results: A total of 21 RCTs involving 3166 patients were analyzed. There was a large heterogeneity in terms of patients’ characteristics and inclusion criteria. Only six studies included patients with vitamin D levels < 50 nmol/L. Regarding clinically important outcomes, most of the studies did not show differences between the intervention and control group in terms of mortality, intensive care unit (ICU) or hospital length of stay (LoS). Conclusions: There is great variability in trial designs regarding the selection of patients, dosage, dosing intervals and routes of administration of vitamin D supplements. Better study designs are mandatory for future clinical research, with measuring and reporting basal vitamin D levels before randomization. Since variability in supplementation regimes limits the possibility of data synthesis, standardized protocols for vitamin D supplementation should be used in clinical trial settings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Clinical Nutrition)

31 pages, 1679 KiB

Open AccessReview

Exploring Gut Microbiota Imbalance in Irritable Bowel Syndrome: Potential Therapeutic Effects of Probiotics and Their Metabolites

by María José García Mansilla, María Jesús Rodríguez Sojo, Andrea Roxana Lista, Ciskey Vanessa Ayala Mosqueda, Antonio Jesús Ruiz Malagón, Julio Gálvez, Alba Rodríguez Nogales and María José Rodríguez Sánchez

Nutrients 2025, 17(1), 155; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17010155 - 31 Dec 2024

Abstract

Irritable bowel syndrome is a common functional gastrointestinal disorder characterized by recurrent abdominal discomfort, bloating, cramping, flatulence, and changes in bowel movements. The pathophysiology of IBS involves a complex interaction between motor, sensory, microbiological, immunological, and psychological factors. Diversity, stability, and metabolic activity [...] Read more.

Irritable bowel syndrome is a common functional gastrointestinal disorder characterized by recurrent abdominal discomfort, bloating, cramping, flatulence, and changes in bowel movements. The pathophysiology of IBS involves a complex interaction between motor, sensory, microbiological, immunological, and psychological factors. Diversity, stability, and metabolic activity of the gut microbiota are frequently altered in IBS, thus leading to a situation of gut dysbiosis. Therefore, the use of probiotics and probiotic-derived metabolites may be helpful in balancing the gut microbiota and alleviating irritable bowel syndrome symptoms. This review aimed to report and consolidate recent progress in understanding the role of gut dysbiosis in the pathophysiology of IBS, as well as the current studies that have focused on the use of probiotics and their metabolites, providing a foundation for their potential beneficial effects as a complementary and alternative therapeutic strategy for this condition due to the current absence of effective and safe treatments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Probiotics and Their Metabolites in Human Health)

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10 pages, 215 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Impacts of Programs and Policies to Address Food Insecurity: An Analysis of Change in Income

by Eva Nelson, Jacqueline Milton Hicks, Lok Hang Kristina Keung, Elizabeth Rhoades, Jemima Mascary and Jacey A. Greece

Nutrients 2025, 17(1), 154; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17010154 - 31 Dec 2024

Abstract

Background/Objectives: This paper examines hunger over time to analyze how food insecurity is impacted by reduced income, including household funding from the government. Federal policies and community-based programs have the ability to prevent increases in food insecurity, particularly for populations that have risk [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: This paper examines hunger over time to analyze how food insecurity is impacted by reduced income, including household funding from the government. Federal policies and community-based programs have the ability to prevent increases in food insecurity, particularly for populations that have risk factors, such as households with children; single-parent households; low-income households, especially those in rural areas; Black and Hispanic households; and, households experiencing economic hardships. Methods: This study is bas ed on a cross-sectional survey that was administered in 2018 and 2019 to food pantry clients, an already food insecure population accessing resources, in Eastern Massachusetts. Baseline surveys were matched with a 3-month follow-up survey (n = 308) and multinomial logistic mixed effect models were used to analyze the association between change in household hunger and change in household income. Results: This study found that participants who experienced decreased income compared to no income change from baseline to follow-up had 2.16 times the odds (95% CI: 1.05, 4.46) of experiencing increased household hunger compared to no change in hunger from baseline to follow-up, after adjusting for all other covariates. Conclusions: Food insecurity in the United States remained stable during the beginning of COVID-19, despite prevalence of reduced household income. The expanded government benefits that were implemented early in the pandemic contributed to total household income, which prevented increased food insecurity. Increased food insecurity after the removal of benefits starting in 2022 indicates the importance of continuing support established during times when consistent income is compromised to prevent a delayed rise in food insecurity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Community-Engaged Strategies to Improve Food Access, Food Security, and Health Outcomes)

17 pages, 785 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Association of Serum Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFAs) and Children’s Dietary Inflammatory Index (C-DII^TM) with Recurrent Respiratory Infections in Children: A Cross-Sectional Study

by Daiva Gorczyca, Karolina Szeremeta, Mariola Paściak, Bogumiła Szponar, Longgang Zhao, Michael D. Wirth, James R. Hebert, Natalia Związek and Anna Prescha

Nutrients 2025, 17(1), 153; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17010153 - 31 Dec 2024

Abstract

To assess the associations between serum and dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), as well as the inflammatory potential of diet measured by the Children’s Dietary Inflammatory Index (C-DII^TM), and recurrent respiratory infections (RRIs) in children. We enrolled 44 children aged 3–16 [...] Read more.

To assess the associations between serum and dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), as well as the inflammatory potential of diet measured by the Children’s Dietary Inflammatory Index (C-DII^TM), and recurrent respiratory infections (RRIs) in children. We enrolled 44 children aged 3–16 years with RRIs and 44 healthy controls. Dietary intake was assessed using a 7-day food record from which PUFA intake and C-DII^TM were calculated. Serum PUFA levels were determined using gas–liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. The dietary assessment showed a significantly lower fiber intake in children with RRIs. The RRI group had a higher inflammatory potential in the diet than healthy controls. Children with RRIs have higher serum levels of linoleic, arachidonic, and eicosapentaenoic acids than healthy subjects. A pro-inflammatory diet was positively associated with serum n-6 PUFA levels in both the groups. A high inflammatory potential of diet, body mass index over 75 percentile, and short breastfeeding duration were identified as risk factors for RRIs. The inflammatory potential of diet is strongly associated with RRIs in children and related to their PUFA status. Promoting breastfeeding and healthy dietary habits during childhood are crucial for implementing effective preventive management strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pediatric Nutrition)

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16 pages, 2028 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparisons of Post-Load Glucose at Different Time Points for Identifying High Risks of MASLD Progression

by Long Teng, Ling Luo, Yanhong Sun, Wei Wang, Zhi Dong, Xiaopei Cao, Junzhao Ye and Bihui Zhong

Nutrients 2025, 17(1), 152; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17010152 - 31 Dec 2024

Abstract

Background: The 1-h post-load plasma glucose was proposed to replace the current OGTT criteria for diagnosing prediabetes/diabetes. However, it remains unclear whether it is superior in identifying progressive metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), and thus we aimed to clarify this issue. [...] Read more.

Background: The 1-h post-load plasma glucose was proposed to replace the current OGTT criteria for diagnosing prediabetes/diabetes. However, it remains unclear whether it is superior in identifying progressive metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), and thus we aimed to clarify this issue. Methods: Consecutive Asian participants (non-MASLD, n = 1049; MASLD, n = 1165) were retrospectively enrolled between June 2012 and June 2024. CT was used to quantify liver steatosis, while the serum liver fibrotic marker was used to evaluate liver fibrosis. Results: Compared with those with normal levels of both 1-h post-glucose (1hPG) and 2-h post-glucose (2hPG), patients with MASLD showed a significant positive association between elevated 1hPG levels and moderate to severe liver steatosis (odds ratio [OR] = 2.19, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.13–4.25, p = 0.02]. Elevated levels of both 1hPG and 2hPG were associated with an increased risk of liver injury (OR = 2.03, 95% CI: 1.44–2.86, p < 0.001). Elevated 2hPG levels with or without elevated 1hPG levels were associated with liver fibrosis (OR = 1.99, 95% CI: 1.15–3.45, p < 0.001; OR = 2.72, 95% CI: 1.79–4.11, p < 0.001, respectively). Additionally, either 1hPG or 2hPG levels were associated with atherosclerosis, revealing significant dose-dependent associations between glucose status and atherosclerosis risk (OR = 2.77, 95% CI: 1.55–4.96, p < 0.001 for elevated 1hPG; OR = 2.98, 95% CI = 1.54–5.78, p = 0.001 for elevated 2hPG; OR = 2.41, 95% CI = 1.38–4.21, p = 0.001 for elevated levels of both 1hPG and 2hPG). The areas under the ROC for predicting steatosis, liver injury, liver fibrosis, and atherosclerosis were 0.64, 0.58, 0.58, and 0.64 for elevated 1hPG (all p < 0.05) and 0.50, 0.60, 0.56, and 0.62 for elevated 2hPG (all p < 0.05), respectively. Conclusions: These findings underscore the necessity for clinicians to acknowledge that the screening and management of MALSD requires the monitoring of 1hPG levels. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Diabetes)

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19 pages, 4474 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Bifidogenic Effect of 2’Fucosyllactose Is Driven by Age-Specific Bifidobacterium Species, Demonstrating Age as an Important Factor for Gut Microbiome _targeted Precision Medicine

by Jenni Firrman, Stef Deyaert, Karley K. Mahalak, LinShu Liu, Aurélien Baudot, Marie Joossens, Jonas Poppe, Simon J. S. Cameron and Pieter Van den Abbeele

Nutrients 2025, 17(1), 151; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17010151 - 31 Dec 2024

Abstract

Background: The human gut microbiota develops in concordance with its host over a lifetime, resulting in age-related shifts in community structure and metabolic function. Little is known about whether these changes impact the community’s response to microbiome-_targeted therapeutics. Providing critical information on this [...] Read more.

Background: The human gut microbiota develops in concordance with its host over a lifetime, resulting in age-related shifts in community structure and metabolic function. Little is known about whether these changes impact the community’s response to microbiome-_targeted therapeutics. Providing critical information on this subject, faecal microbiomes of subjects from six age groups, spanning from infancy to 70-year-old adults (n = six per age group) were harvested. The responses of these divergent communities to treatment with the human milk oligosaccharide 2’-fucosyllactose (2’FL), fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS), and lactose was investigated using the Ex vivo SIFR^® technology that employs bioreactor fermentation and is validated to be predictive of clinical findings. Additionally, it was evaluated whether combining faecal microbiomes of a given age group into a single pooled microbiome produced similar results as the individual microbiomes. Results: First, marked age-dependent changes in community structure were identified. Bifidobacterium levels strongly declined as age increased, and Bifidobacterium species composition was age-dependent: B. longum, B. catenulatum/pseudocatenulatum, and B. adolescentis were most prevalent for breastfed infants, toddlers/children, and adults, respectively. Metabolomic analyses (LA-REIMS) demonstrated that these age-dependent differences particularly impacted treatment effects of 2’FL (more than FOS/lactose). Further analysis revealed that while 2’FL enhanced production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and exerted potent bifidogenic effects, regardless of age, the specific Bifidobacterium species enhanced by 2’FL, as well as subsequent cross-feeding interactions, were highly age-dependent. Furthermore, single-pooled microbiomes produced results that were indicative of the average treatment response for each age group. Nevertheless, pooled microbiomes had an artificially high diversity, thus overestimating treatment responses (especially for infants), did not recapitulate interindividual variation, and disallowed for the correlative analysis required to unravel mechanistic actions. Conclusions: Age is an important factor in shaping the gut microbiome, with the dominant taxa and their metabolites changing over a lifetime. This divergence affects the response of the microbiota to therapeutics, demonstrated in this study using 2’FL. These results evidence the importance of screening across multiple age groups separately to provide granularity of how therapeutics impact the microbiome and, consequently, human health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Probiotics, Prebiotics, and Postbiotics on Human Health)

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25 pages, 8224 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cell Membrane Fatty Acids and PIPs Modulate the Etiology of Pancreatic Cancer by Regulating AKT

by Carolina Torres, Georgina Mancinelli, Jee-Wei Emily Chen, Jose Cordoba-Chacon, Danielle Pins, Sara Saeed, Ronald McKinney, Karla Castellanos, Giulia Orsi, Megha Singhal, Akshar Patel, Jose Acebedo, Adonis Coleman, Jorge Heneche, Poorna Chandra Rao Yalagala, Papasani V. Subbaiah, Cecilia Leal, Sam Grimaldo, Francisco M. Ortuno, Faraz Bishehsari and Paul J. Grippo Show full author list Hide full author list

Nutrients 2025, 17(1), 150; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17010150 - 31 Dec 2024

Abstract

Background: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the worst solid malignancies in regard to outcomes and metabolic dysfunction leading to cachexia. It is alarming that PDAC incidence rates continue to increase and warrant the need for innovative approaches to combat this disease. [...] Read more.

Background: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the worst solid malignancies in regard to outcomes and metabolic dysfunction leading to cachexia. It is alarming that PDAC incidence rates continue to increase and warrant the need for innovative approaches to combat this disease. Due to its relatively slow progression (10–20 years), prevention strategies represent an effective means to improve outcomes. One of the risk factors for many cancers and for pancreatic cancer in particular is diet. Hence, our objective is to understand how a diet rich in ω3 and ω6 polyunsaturated fatty acids affects the progression of this disease. Methods: We investigated polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) effects on disease progression employing both in vitro (PDAC cell lines) and in vivo (EL-Kras and KC mice) approaches. Also, we gathered data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) and the National Cancer Institute (NCI) from 1999 to 2017 for a retrospective observational study. Results: The consumption of PUFAs in a patient population correlates with increased PDAC incidence, particularly when the ω3 intake increases to a lesser extent than ω6. Our data demonstrate dietary PUFAs can be incorporated into plasma membrane lipids affecting PI3K/AKT signaling and support the emergence of membrane-_targeted therapies. Moreover, we show that the phospholipid composition of a lipid nanoparticle (LNP) can impact the cell membrane integrity and, ultimately, cell viability after administration of these LNPs. Conclusions: Cancer prevention is impactful particularly for those with very poor prognosis, including pancreatic cancer. Our results point to the importance of dietary intervention in this disease when detected early and the potential to improve the antiproliferative effect of drug efficacy when combined with these regimens in later stages of pancreatic cancer. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutritional Epidemiology)

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24 pages, 5516 KiB

Open AccessArticle

DAG-MAG-ΒHB: A Novel Ketone Diester Modulates NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation in Microglial Cells in Response to Beta-Amyloid and Low Glucose AD-like Conditions

by Valentina Gentili, Giovanna Schiuma, Latha Nagamani Dilliraj, Silvia Beltrami, Sabrina Rizzo, Djidjell Lara, Pier Paolo Giovannini, Matteo Marti, Daria Bortolotti, Claudio Trapella, Marco Narducci and Roberta Rizzo

Nutrients 2025, 17(1), 149; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17010149 - 31 Dec 2024

Abstract

Background: A neuroinflammatory disease such as Alzheimer’s disease, presents a significant challenge in neurotherapeutics, particularly due to the complex etiology and allostatic factors, referred to as CNS stressors, that accelerate the development and progression of the disease. These CNS stressors include cerebral hypo-glucose [...] Read more.

Background: A neuroinflammatory disease such as Alzheimer’s disease, presents a significant challenge in neurotherapeutics, particularly due to the complex etiology and allostatic factors, referred to as CNS stressors, that accelerate the development and progression of the disease. These CNS stressors include cerebral hypo-glucose metabolism, hyperinsulinemia, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, impairment of neuronal autophagy, hypoxic insults and neuroinflammation. This study aims to explore the efficacy and safety of DAG-MAG-ΒHB, a novel ketone diester, in mitigating these risk factors by sustaining therapeutic ketosis, independent of conventional metabolic pathways. Methods: We evaluated the intestinal absorption of DAG-MAG-ΒHB and the metabolic impact in human microglial cells. Utilizing the HMC3 human microglia cell line, we examined the compound’s effect on cellular viability, Acetyl-CoA and ATP levels, and key metabolic enzymes under hypoglycemia. Additionally, we assessed the impact of DAG-AG-ΒHB on inflammasome activation, mitochondrial activity, ROS levels, inflammation and phagocytic rates. Results: DAG-MAG-ΒHB showed a high rate of intestinal absorption and no cytotoxic effect. In vitro, DAG-MAG-ΒHB enhanced cell viability, preserved morphological integrity, and maintained elevated Acetyl-CoA and ATP levels under hypoglycemic conditions. DAG-MAG-ΒHB increased the activity of BDH1 and SCOT, indicating ATP production via a ketolytic pathway. DAG-MAG-ΒHB showed remarkable resilience against low glucose condition by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Conclusions: In summary, DAG-MAG-ΒHB emerges as a promising treatment for neuroinflammatory conditions. It enhances cellular health under varying metabolic states and exhibits neuroprotective properties against low glucose conditions. These attributes indicate its potential as an effective component in managing neuroinflammatory diseases, addressing their complex progression. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Neuro Sciences)

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9 pages, 224 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Association of Sodium or Potassium Intake Timing with Athens Insomnia Scale Scores: A Cross-Sectional Study

by Taiki Okamoto, Yun-Peng Lo, Inn-Kynn Khaing, Shoko Inoue, Ayako Tada, Mikiko Michie, Tatsuhiko Kubo, Shigenobu Shibata and Yu Tahara

Nutrients 2025, 17(1), 148; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17010148 - 31 Dec 2024

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Insomnia is a significant public health problem affecting a large population. Although previous research has explored the relationship between specific nutrients and insomnia, comprehensive analyses of daily eating patterns of macro- and micronutrients remain limited. Since nocturnal hypertension is related to sodium/potassium [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Insomnia is a significant public health problem affecting a large population. Although previous research has explored the relationship between specific nutrients and insomnia, comprehensive analyses of daily eating patterns of macro- and micronutrients remain limited. Since nocturnal hypertension is related to sodium/potassium intake and sleep disturbances, the present cross-sectional study hypothesized that daily eating patterns of potassium and sodium would be associated with Athens Insomnia Scale (AIS) scores. Methods: Dietary data (breakfast, lunch, dinner, and snack intake) and additional online questionnaire responses were obtained from users (N = 4568; age: 43.5 ± 11.2 years) of Asken, a Japanese food-logging mobile health application. AIS scores were divided into three groups according to symptom classification. Results: Multiple regression analyses revealed that individuals with higher AIS scores had higher daily potassium intake; potassium at dinner was especially crucial. Conclusions: These results underscore the potential importance of potassium intake in relation to sleep and highlight a novel association between sleep disturbances and the timing of sodium and potassium consumption. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chrono-Nutrition and Human Health)

8 pages, 217 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Diet and Lifestyle Factors and Incident Acute Mesenteric Ischemia—A Prospective Cohort Study

by Yasmin Soltanzadeh-Naderi and Stefan Acosta

Nutrients 2025, 17(1), 147; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17010147 - 31 Dec 2024

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Acute mesenteric ischemia (AMI) is life-threatening and difficult to diagnose in time. Unlike many cardiovascular diseases, the association between lifestyle factors such as diet, alcohol consumption, and physical activity and AMI is unknown. Methods: This study is a prospective cohort study with [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Acute mesenteric ischemia (AMI) is life-threatening and difficult to diagnose in time. Unlike many cardiovascular diseases, the association between lifestyle factors such as diet, alcohol consumption, and physical activity and AMI is unknown. Methods: This study is a prospective cohort study with 28,098 middle-aged participants with a mean follow-up time of 23.1 years. Baseline characteristics were obtained with questionnaires regarding physical activity, lifestyle, and diet. The primary endpoint was a diagnosis of AMI identified through the Swedish National Patient Register. Follow-up times were decided by the date of diagnosis, death, or end of follow-up, 2022-12-31. Results: The total number of patients with AMI was 140. Current smoking (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 3.02, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.91–4.79) and those with the highest alcohol consumption (aHR 2.53, 95% CI 1.27–5.03) had a higher risk of developing AMI. Participants with high physical activity, 25.1–50.0 metabolic equivalent task hours per week (MET-h/week), had a lower risk (aHR 0.51, 95% CI 0.27–0.95). Diet quality and dietary components did not affect the risk of AMI. Conclusions: Smoking and higher alcohol consumption were associated with higher risk, while physical activity was associated with lower risk of AMI in this prospective cohort. Diet quality and dietary components were less relevant for the prediction of AMI than these traditional risk factors of atherosclerotic disease. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Strategies for Arterial Health)

21 pages, 4208 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ghrelin Promotes Lipid Uptake into White Adipose Tissue via Endothelial Growth Hormone Secretagogue-Receptor in Mice

by Hidenori Urai, Tatsuhiko Azegami, Motoaki Komatsu, Rina Takahashi, Yoshiaki Kubota, Kazuhiro Hasegawa, Hirofumi Tokuyama, Shu Wakino, Kaori Hayashi, Takeshi Kanda and Hiroshi Itoh

Nutrients 2025, 17(1), 146; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17010146 - 31 Dec 2024

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Endothelial peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) regulates adipose tissue by facilitating lipid uptake into white adipocytes, but the role of endothelial lipid transport in systemic energy balance remains unclear. Ghrelin conveys nutritional information through the central nervous system and increases adiposity, [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Endothelial peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) regulates adipose tissue by facilitating lipid uptake into white adipocytes, but the role of endothelial lipid transport in systemic energy balance remains unclear. Ghrelin conveys nutritional information through the central nervous system and increases adiposity, while deficiency in its receptor, growth hormone secretagogue-receptor (GHSR), suppresses adiposity on a high-fat diet. This study aims to examine the effect of ghrelin/GHSR signaling in the endothelium on lipid metabolism. Methods: We compared the effects of ghrelin on adiposity and lipid uptake into adipocytes in wild-type and GHSR-null mice. Transgenic mice expressing GHSR selectively in endothelial cells were also generated and compared with global GHSR-null and wild-type mice. The impact of ghrelin on lipid uptake-related genes was assessed in cultured endothelial cells. Results: Ghrelin increased adiposity and triglyceride clearance in wild-type but not in GHSR-null mice. GHSR-null mice showed higher serum triglyceride after olive oil gavage and lower white adipose tissue (WAT) weight on a high-fat diet, suggesting impaired lipid uptake. Restoring GHSR expression in endothelial cells increased lipoprotein lipase activity, lipid uptake into WAT, and WAT weight. Ghrelin enhanced free fatty acid uptake and the expression of lipid uptake genes in cultured endothelial cells, whereas these effects were absent in GHSR-null mice-derived endothelial cells. Knockdown of PPARγ revealed that ghrelin/GHSR signaling in endothelial cells promoted lipid uptake via endothelial PPARγ. Conclusions: Endothelial GHSR is key for regulating lipid metabolism via PPARγ in response to ghrelin and for the role of endothelium in regulating white adipocyte metabolism. _targeting endothelial ghrelin signaling may be a promising therapeutic approach for managing excessive adiposity and associated metabolic disorders. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Lipids)

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20 pages, 977 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Therapeutic Potential of Ketogenic Interventions for Autosomal-Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease: A Systematic Review

by Donglai Li, Jessica Dawson and Jenny E. Gunton

Nutrients 2025, 17(1), 145; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17010145 - 31 Dec 2024

Viewed by 81

Abstract

Background: Recent findings have highlighted that abnormal energy metabolism is a key feature of autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). Emerging evidence suggests that nutritional ketosis could offer therapeutic benefits, including potentially slowing or even reversing disease progression. This systematic review aims to synthesise [...] Read more.

Background: Recent findings have highlighted that abnormal energy metabolism is a key feature of autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). Emerging evidence suggests that nutritional ketosis could offer therapeutic benefits, including potentially slowing or even reversing disease progression. This systematic review aims to synthesise the literature on ketogenic interventions to evaluate the impact in ADPKD. Methods: A systematic search was conducted in Medline, Embase, and Scopus using relevant Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) and keywords. Studies assessing ketogenic interventions in the management of ADPKD in both human and animal models were selected for data extraction and analysis. Results: Three animal reports and six human studies were identified. Ketogenic diets (KD) significantly slowed polycystic kidney disease (PKD) progression in rats with improved renal function and reduced cystic areas. There was reduced renal fibrosis and cell proliferation. The supplementation of beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) in rats also reduced PKD progression in a dose-dependent manner. Human studies (n = 129) on KD in ADPKD reported consistent body mass index (BMI) reduction across trials, with an average weight loss of ∼4 kg. Improvements in blood pressure were also noted. Ketosis was achieved in varying degrees. Effects on kidney function (eGFR) were beneficial. Results for kidney volume were mixed but most studies were underpowered for this outcome. Lipid profiles showed increases in total cholesterol (∼1 mmol/L) and LDL cholesterol (∼0.4 mmol/L) in most studies. Safety concerns such as “keto flu” symptoms, elevated uric acid levels, and occasional kidney stones were noted. Overall feasibility and adherence to the KD were rated positively by most participants. Conclusions: Human studies are promising; however, they have been limited by small sample sizes and short durations. Larger, long-term trials are needed to assess the efficacy, adherence, and safety of ketogenic diets in people with ADPKD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Therapeutic Potential of the Ketogenic Diet across Diverse Chronic Health Conditions)

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14 pages, 1070 KiB

Open AccessArticle

COVID-19 Implications on School Dietary Behavior in Chinese College Students: Based on the Longitudinal Assessment of Dietary Records from Intelligent Ordering System

by Shaojie Liu, Hong Peng, Dantong Gu, Mengyun Luo, Haihong Qian and Yingnan Jia

Nutrients 2025, 17(1), 144; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17010144 - 31 Dec 2024

Viewed by 79

Abstract

Objectives: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has changed the dietary behavior of college students; however, the persistence of the changes in dietary behavior remains uncertain. This study aims to explore the changes in school food consumption and dietary quality of college students [...] Read more.

Objectives: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has changed the dietary behavior of college students; however, the persistence of the changes in dietary behavior remains uncertain. This study aims to explore the changes in school food consumption and dietary quality of college students during three distinct COVID-19 periods: pre-epidemic (stage T1), epidemic (stage T2), and post-COVID-19 epidemic (stage T3). Methods: The persistent 6-year data, involving 3,484,081 dietary records from January 2018 to December 2023, for college students were acquired from the “Intelligent Ordering System (IOS)”. School food consumption and total energy intake of each college student per day were evaluated by information on three meals in the IOS combined with the corresponding food database of each dish. The school dietary quality of college students was evaluated by the Chinese Healthy Eating Index (CHEI). Results: In total, 459 college students were included in the T1 period, 530 in the T2 period, and 1316 in the T3 period. At stages T2 and T3, the energy, protein, and fat intakes of college students were higher than those at stage T1 (p < 0.001). Meanwhile, the breakfast energy ratio exhibited a significant decrease (0.27 vs. 0.25), while the lunch (0.37 vs. 0.38) and dinner (0.37 vs. 0.38) energy ratios exhibited varying degrees of increase (p < 0.001). After the COVID-19 pandemic, the components’ score of the CHEI for dark vegetables, red meats, and sodium showed an increase, while tubers exhibited a decrease (p < 0.01). Conclusions: This study provides compelling evidence of the significantly negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on school food consumption and dietary quality among Chinese college students. However, the duration of this effect may be limited. There was a certain degree of improvement in the food consumption and school diet quality of college students in China following the conclusion of the epidemic. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Surveys and Assessment of Unhealthy Eating Behaviors)

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43 pages, 3957 KiB

Open AccessReview

Dietary Influences on Gut Microbiota and Their Role in Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD)

by Sevag Hamamah, Oana C. Iatcu and Mihai Covasa

Nutrients 2025, 17(1), 143; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17010143 - 31 Dec 2024

Viewed by 68

Abstract

Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is a major contributor to liver-related morbidity, cardiovascular disease, and metabolic complications. Lifestyle interventions, including diet and exercise, are first line in treating MASLD. Dietary approaches such as the low-glycemic-index Mediterranean diet, the ketogenic diet, intermittent fasting, [...] Read more.

Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is a major contributor to liver-related morbidity, cardiovascular disease, and metabolic complications. Lifestyle interventions, including diet and exercise, are first line in treating MASLD. Dietary approaches such as the low-glycemic-index Mediterranean diet, the ketogenic diet, intermittent fasting, and high fiber diets have demonstrated potential in addressing the metabolic dysfunction underlying this condition. The development and progression of MASLD are closely associated with taxonomic shifts in gut microbial communities, a relationship well-documented in the literature. Given the importance of diet as a primary treatment for MASLD, it is important to understand how gut microbiota and their metabolic byproducts mediate favorable outcomes induced by healthy dietary patterns. Conversely, microbiota changes conferred by unhealthy dietary patterns such as the Western diet may induce dysbiosis and influence steatotic liver disease through promoting hepatic inflammation, up-regulating lipogenesis, dysregulating bile acid metabolism, increasing insulin resistance, and causing oxidative damage in hepatocytes. Although emerging evidence has identified links between diet, microbiota, and development of MASLD, significant gaps remain in understanding specific microbial roles, metabolite pathways, host interactions, and causal relationships. Therefore, this review aims to provide mechanistic insights into the role of microbiota-mediated processes through the analysis of both healthy and unhealthy dietary patterns and their contribution to MASLD pathophysiology. By better elucidating the interplay between dietary nutrients, microbiota-mediated processes, and the onset and progression of steatotic liver disease, this work aims to identify new opportunities for _targeted dietary interventions to treat MASLD efficiently. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Prevention and Treatment of Liver Diseases by Dietary Habits and Lifestyle)

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18 pages, 11501 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Predictive Value of a Gastric Microbiota Dysbiosis Test for Stratifying Cancer Risk in Atrophic Gastritis Patients

by Alice Zaramella, Diletta Arcidiacono, Miriam Duci, Clara Benna, Salvatore Pucciarelli, Alberto Fantin, Antonio Rosato, Valli De Re, Renato Cannizzaro, Matteo Fassan and Stefano Realdon

Nutrients 2025, 17(1), 142; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17010142 - 31 Dec 2024

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Abstract

Background/Objectives: Gastric cancer (GC) incidence remains high worldwide, and the survival rate is poor. GC develops from atrophic gastritis (AG), associated with Helicobacter pylori (Hp) infection, passing through intestinal metaplasia and dysplasia steps. Since Hp eradication does not exclude GC development, [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Gastric cancer (GC) incidence remains high worldwide, and the survival rate is poor. GC develops from atrophic gastritis (AG), associated with Helicobacter pylori (Hp) infection, passing through intestinal metaplasia and dysplasia steps. Since Hp eradication does not exclude GC development, further investigations are needed. New data suggest the possible role of unexplored gastric microbiota beyond Hp in the progression from AG to GC. Aimed to develop a score that could be used in clinical practice to stratify GC progression risk, here was investigate gastric microbiota in AG Hp-negative patients with or without high-grade dysplasia (HGD) or GC. Methods: Consecutive patients undergoing upper endoscopy within an endoscopic follow-up for AG were considered. The antrum and corpus biopsies were used to assess the microbiota composition along the disease progression by sequencing the 16S ribosomal RNA gene. Statistical differences between HGD/GC and AG patients were included in a multivariate analysis. Results: HGD/GC patients had a higher percentage of Bacillus in the antrum and a low abundance of Rhizobiales, Weeksellaceae and Veillonella in the corpus. These data were used to calculate a multiparametric score (Resident Gastric Microbiota Dysbiosis Test, RGM-DT) to predict the risk of progression toward HGD/GC. The performance of RGM-DT in discriminating patients with HGD/GC showed a specificity of 88.9%. Conclusions: The microbiome-based risk prediction model for GC could clarify the role of gastric microbiota as a cancer risk biomarker to be used in clinical practice. The proposed test might be used to personalize follow-up program thanks to a better cancer risk stratification. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Potential of Gut Microbiota in Cancer)

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10 pages, 2111 KiB

Open AccessReview

Dietary Counseling: An Option to Malnutrition and Masticatory Deficiency in Patients with Total Protheses? A Scoping Review

by Gloria Cifuentes-Suazo, Josefa Alarcón-Apablaza, Marcela Jarpa-Parra, Camila Venegas, Franco Marinelli and Ramón Fuentes

Nutrients 2025, 17(1), 141; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17010141 - 31 Dec 2024

Viewed by 75

Abstract

Given the rising global population of older adults and their association with edentulism and the use of complete removable prostheses [CRP], it is imperative to pursue solutions for issues such as the relationship between poor diets and masticatory deficiency. Objective: To examine the [...] Read more.

Given the rising global population of older adults and their association with edentulism and the use of complete removable prostheses [CRP], it is imperative to pursue solutions for issues such as the relationship between poor diets and masticatory deficiency. Objective: To examine the research on the efficacy of dietary counseling in enhancing mastication and nutrition in older adults with CRP. Methods: A systematic literature review was performed in the PubMed, Trip, and Web of Science databases. Results: 812 results were retrieved from the databases, from which 6 clinical studies that fulfilled the qualifying criteria were selected. The selected studies reported reduced nutrition in patients with CRP due to impaired masticatory function. Research suggests that employing basic dietary guidelines or simplified nutritional recommendations enhances the masticatory function of patients with CRP, thereby ensuring sufficient nutritional intake. Conclusion: Dietary counseling improves nutritional intake and masticatory function in patients with CRP. This would allow simple dietary advice to be given to patients with total prostheses in clinical practice. Further randomized clinical trials are recommended to increase the available evidence. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Geriatric Nutrition)

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13 pages, 249 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessing the Nutrient Composition of a Carnivore Diet: A Case Study Model

by Sylvia Goedeke, Tamzyn Murphy, Amy Rush and Caryn Zinn

Nutrients 2025, 17(1), 140; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17010140 - 31 Dec 2024

Viewed by 63

Abstract

Background/Objectives: The rise in chronic metabolic diseases has led to the exploration of alternative diets. The carnivore diet, consisting exclusively of animal products, has gained attention, anecdotally, for imparting benefit for inflammatory conditions beyond that possible by other restrictive dietary approaches. The aim [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: The rise in chronic metabolic diseases has led to the exploration of alternative diets. The carnivore diet, consisting exclusively of animal products, has gained attention, anecdotally, for imparting benefit for inflammatory conditions beyond that possible by other restrictive dietary approaches. The aim was to assess the micronutrient adequacy of four versions of the carnivore diet against national nutrient reference values (NRVs). Methods: This study assessed the nutrient adequacy of the carnivore diet against national NRVs from the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) and New Zealand Ministry of Health. Four meal plans for hypothetical average Australian adults were developed and analysed using Foodworks.online (Version 1, Xyris Pty Ltd., Brisbane, Australia, 2024), dietary software. Two female and two male plans were included; one set including dairy products and the other set including offal. Results: The carnivore diet met several NRV thresholds for nutrients such as riboflavin, niacin, phosphorus, zinc, Vitamin B6, Vitamin B12, selenium, and Vitamin A, and exceeded the sodium threshold. However, it fell short in thiamin, magnesium, calcium, and Vitamin C, and in iron, folate, iodine and potassium in some cases. Fibre intake was significantly below recommended levels. Conclusion: The carnivore diet may offer benefits for managing certain chronic conditions. Whether the metabolic contexts from consuming such a diet facilitates a lower requirement of certain nutrients, or whether it poses risks of micronutrient inadequacies remains to be determined. Tailored nutritional guidance and supplementation strategies are recommended to ensure careful consideration of micronutrient intake to prevent deficiencies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Micronutrients and Human Health)

14 pages, 611 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Associations Between Hemoglobin and Serum Iron Levels and the Risk of Mortality Among Patients with Coronary Artery Disease

by Qing Li, Zhijun Pan, Yupeng Zeng, Xu Wang, Dan Li, Ting Yin, Qian Chen and Wenhua Ling

Nutrients 2025, 17(1), 139; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17010139 - 31 Dec 2024

Viewed by 96

Abstract

Background: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between hemoglobin and serum iron levels and mortality risk in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). Methods: We analyzed data from 3224 patients with CAD using Cox proportional hazards regression models to assess the association [...] Read more.

Background: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between hemoglobin and serum iron levels and mortality risk in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). Methods: We analyzed data from 3224 patients with CAD using Cox proportional hazards regression models to assess the association of hemoglobin and serum iron levels with cardiovascular and all-cause mortality from the Guangdong coronary artery disease cohort. Results: Over a median follow-up period of 8.9 years, 636 patients died, including 403 from cardiovascular causes. Higher hemoglobin and serum iron levels were linked to a reduced risk of cardiovascular and all-cause mortality. Patients in the highest quartiles of hemoglobin and serum iron levels had multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) of 0.62 (95% CI, 0.46–0.85) and 0.51 (95% CI, 0.37–0.69) for cardiovascular mortality and 0.64 (95% CI, 0.50–0.83) and 0.67 (95% CI, 0.53–0.85) for all-cause mortality, compared with those in the lowest quartile. A one-standard-deviation increase in hemoglobin and serum iron levels corresponded to a 19% and 24% reduction in cardiovascular mortality risk and a 19% reduction in all-cause mortality risk for both factors. Restricted cubic spline analysis revealed L-shaped and U-shaped associations between hemoglobin and serum iron levels and cardiovascular and all-cause mortality, respectively. Conclusions: Hemoglobin and serum iron levels were significantly associated with lower risks of cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in patients with CAD. Further research is needed to evaluate the effects of iron supplementation in these patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Iron Deficiency in Human Health and Disease)

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21 pages, 1756 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Association of Mucin-Degrading Gut Microbiota and Dietary Patterns with Colonic Transit Time in Constipation: A Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Clinical Trial

by Xuangao Wu, Hee-Jong Yang, Myeong-Seon Ryu, Su-Jin Jung, Kwangsu Ha, Do-Yeon Jeong and Sunmin Park

Nutrients 2025, 17(1), 138; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17010138 - 31 Dec 2024

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Abstract

Background: The relationship between gut microbiota composition, lifestyles, and colonic transit time (CTT) remains poorly understood. This study investigated associations among gut microbiota profiles, diet, lifestyles, and CTT in individuals with subjective constipation. Methods: We conducted a secondary analysis of data from our [...] Read more.

Background: The relationship between gut microbiota composition, lifestyles, and colonic transit time (CTT) remains poorly understood. This study investigated associations among gut microbiota profiles, diet, lifestyles, and CTT in individuals with subjective constipation. Methods: We conducted a secondary analysis of data from our randomized clinical trial, examining gut microbiota composition, CTT, and dietary intake in baseline and final assessments of 94 participants with subjective constipation. Participants were categorized into normal-transit (<36 h) and slow-transit (≥36 h) groups based on CTT at baseline. Gut microbiota composition was measured using 16S rRNA sequencing, and dietary patterns were assessed through semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaires. Enterotype analysis, machine learning approaches, and metabolic modeling were employed to investigate microbiota–diet interactions. The constipated participants primarily belonged to Lachnospiraceae (ET-L). Results: The slow-transit group showed higher alpha diversity than the normal-transit group. Butyricicoccus faecihominis was abundant in the normal-transit group, while Neglectibacter timonensis, Intestinimonas massiliensis, and Intestinibacter bartlettii were abundant in the slow-transit group, which also had a higher abundance of mucin-degrading bacteria. Metabolic modeling predicted increased N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (GlcNAc), a mucin-derived metabolite, in the slow-transit group. Network analysis identified two microbial co-abundance groups (CAG3 and CAG9) significantly associated with transit time and dietary patterns. Six mucin-degrading species showed differential correlations with GlcNAc and a plant-based diet, particularly, including rice, bread, fruits and vegetables, and fermented beans. In conclusion, an increased abundance of mucin-degrading bacteria and their predicted metabolic products were associated with delayed CTT. Conclusion: These findings suggest dietary modulation of these bacterial populations as a potential therapeutic strategy for constipation. Moreover, our results reveal a potential immunometabolic mechanism where mucin-degrading bacteria and their metabolic interactions may influence intestinal transit, mucosal barrier function, and immune response. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition, Gut Microbiota and Immunity)

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20 pages, 3944 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Can Magnoflorine Improve Memory? Immunohistochemical Studies on Parvalbumin Immunoreactive Neurons and Fibers of Mice Hippocampus

by Radosław Szalak, Małgorzata Komar, Edyta Kowalczuk-Vasilev, Marta Kruk-Slomka, Justyna Zagórska, Marcin B. Arciszewski, Marcin Dziedzic, Wojciech Koch and Wirginia Kukula-Koch

Nutrients 2025, 17(1), 137; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17010137 - 31 Dec 2024

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Abstract

Background/Objectives: We assessed the influence of long-term injection of magnoflorine (MAG) on memory acquisition in mice for the first time. Methods: This isoquinoline alkaloid that belongs to the aporphines was isolated from the roots of Berberis vulgaris by centrifugal partition chromatography [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: We assessed the influence of long-term injection of magnoflorine (MAG) on memory acquisition in mice for the first time. Methods: This isoquinoline alkaloid that belongs to the aporphines was isolated from the roots of Berberis vulgaris by centrifugal partition chromatography (CPC) using a biphasic solvent system composed of chloroform: methanol: water in the ratio 4:3:3 (v/v/v) with 20 mM of hydrochloric acid and triethylamine, within 64 min. Results: Our results indicated that long-term injection of MAG 20 mg/kg dose improve the long-term memory acquisition in mice that were evaluated in the passive avoidance (PA) test with no toxicity records. The analysis of brain lysates and animal plasma by HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS showed the ability of the compound to cross the blood–brain barrier, and an elevated level of phosphatidylcholine PC (14:1(9Z)/14:1(9Z)) with the molecular formula of C₃₆H₆₉NO₈P was observed in both treated groups with 10 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg MAG in comparison to the control group. Conclusions: This phenomenon may explain MAG’s cognition-enhancing properties as the PC may induce the synthesis and strengthening of neuronal cells. Also, the 7-day-long administration of MAG at 10 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg increased the mean number of parvalbumin (PV)-IR neurons in the hippocampus. Statistically, the largest PV-IR neurons were observed at the 20 mg/kg dose, which may indicate a potential effect of MAG on Ca²⁺ metabolism. However, no statistical differences were observed in the mean number of PV-IR nerve fibers in both doses of MAG, regardless of the hippocampal fields. This positive effect of MAG on hippocampal neurons provides further support for the neuroprotective effect of this alkaloid. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrients and Non-nutrients in Functional Foods and Dietary Supplements That Regulate Metabolism and Improve Disease States)

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15 pages, 589 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dietary Macronutrient Composition and Risk of Radiation-Induced Acute Skin Toxicity in Women with Breast Cancer: Results from the ATHENA Project

by Sukshma Sharma, Francesca Bracone, Augusto Di Castelnuovo, Emilia Ruggiero, Amalia De Curtis, Francesco Deodato, Gabriella Macchia, Mariangela Boccardi, Savino Cilla, Alessio Giuseppe Morganti, Chiara Cerletti, Giovanni de Gaetano, Katia Petroni, Chiara Tonelli, Maria Benedetta Donati, Licia Iacoviello, Marialaura Bonaccio and on behalf of the EU-ATHENA Trial Investigators

Nutrients 2025, 17(1), 136; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17010136 - 31 Dec 2024

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Abstract

Background: The impact of the dietary macronutrient composition and its subcomponents (saccharides, fatty acids, and protein sources) on radiation-induced acute skin toxicity (AST) in breast cancer (BC) patients is unknown. Hence, we examined the association between dietary macronutrients and their subcomponents and the [...] Read more.

Background: The impact of the dietary macronutrient composition and its subcomponents (saccharides, fatty acids, and protein sources) on radiation-induced acute skin toxicity (AST) in breast cancer (BC) patients is unknown. Hence, we examined the association between dietary macronutrients and their subcomponents and the risk of ≥grade 2 (G2) AST post-radiotherapy among women with BC. Methods: An observational study was conducted among 161 BC patients treated with radiotherapy and enrolled in the ATHENA project in Italy. Habitual dietary intake was assessed at study entry (T0) using a 188-item food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). AST was measured at T1 (after 3 or 5 weeks of radiotherapy) and defined according to the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group criteria. A prospective analysis used multivariable-adjusted logistic regression models to examine the association between the dietary macronutrient composition and its subcomponents at T0 and the odds of ≥G2 AST post-radiotherapy. Results: ≥G2 AST post-radiotherapy was observed in 43 (27%) patients. Among dietary macronutrient models, a higher intake of dietary carbohydrates was positively associated with a 30% higher odds of ≥G2 AST post-radiotherapy (OR = 1.30; 95% CI 1.01 to 1.67; for 30 g/d). Conversely, a higher dietary protein intake was inversely associated with a 76% lower odds of ≥G2 AST post-radiotherapy (OR = 0.24; 95% CI 0.06 to 0.91; for 30 g/d). There was no association with dietary fat. In macronutrient subcomponent models, only animal protein was inversely associated with a 51% lower odds of ≥G2 AST post-radiotherapy (0.49; 95% CI 0.25 to 0.95; for 15 g/d). Conclusions: Dietary carbohydrates were associated with a higher risk of radiation-induced AST among women with BC, whereas dietary protein, especially animal protein, was associated with a lower risk. Cautiously balancing carbohydrate and protein intakes could be a part of the clinical management strategy for ≥G2 AST reduction post-radiotherapy among BC women. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition in Women)

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12 pages, 245 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Activity Tracking Apps on Physical Activity and Glycemic Control in People with Prediabetes Compared to Normoglycemic Individuals: A Pilot Study

by Aikaterini Kalampoki, Evangelia E. Ntzani, Alexandros-Georgios I. Asimakopoulos, Evangelos Liberopoulos, Nikolaos Tentolouris, Georgia Anastasiou, Petros-Spyridonas Adamidis, Kalliopi Kotsa and Evangelos C. Rizos

Nutrients 2025, 17(1), 135; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17010135 - 31 Dec 2024

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Abstract

Introduction—Aim: Adopting a lifestyle that incorporates regular physical activity confers substantial benefits to both physical and mental health and is recommended for prediabetic individuals. The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of activity tracking apps on increasing physical activity and [...] Read more.

Introduction—Aim: Adopting a lifestyle that incorporates regular physical activity confers substantial benefits to both physical and mental health and is recommended for prediabetic individuals. The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of activity tracking apps on increasing physical activity and its effect on glycemic control in people with prediabetes. Materials and Methods: This pilot study included 37 participants, 18 in the prediabetic group and 19 in the normoglycemic group matched for age and gender (mean age 53 years, 40% males). Participants used the Google Fit app for 3 months. The number of daily steps was recorded via the app, and blood and urine tests as well as body fat measurements were conducted before and following 3 months of app use. The co-primary outcome was the change in steps, and the change in HbA1c in both groups. Secondary outcomes were the change in fasting plasma glucose (FPG) (main secondary outcome), as well as lipid parameters, body mass index, visceral fat, and kidney function indices among the two groups. Results: Both groups increased the daily step count following the app intervention, without any statistically significant difference when we compared the steps change between the two groups. We found a statistically significant difference between HbA1c levels in favor of the prediabetic compared to the normoglycemic group [mean difference (MD) 0.16, 95%CI 0.04, 0.28, p-value 0.01)], following the 3-month intervention. Additionally, there was a statistically significant difference between FPG levels in favor of the prediabetic compared to the normoglycemic group (MD 9.06, 95%CI 4.16, 13.96, p-value 0.001). Conclusions: The present study suggests that the use of activity tracking apps, combined with tailored activity goals and monthly supportive phone calls, may contribute to improved glycemic control among individuals with prediabetes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diet, Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health—2nd Edition)

13 pages, 575 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Nutritional Profile of Publicly Procured Foods for School Meals in Federal Schools in Northeastern Brazil Pre- and Post-COVID-19 Pandemic

by Wilma Fabiana Ferreira da Silva, Ingrid Wilza Leal Bezerra, Diogo Vale, Antonio Gouveia Oliveira and Larissa Mont’Alverne Jucá Seabra

Nutrients 2025, 17(1), 134; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17010134 - 31 Dec 2024

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Abstract

School meals play a critical role in supporting students’ biopsychosocial growth, development, learning, academic performance, and the establishment of healthy eating habits. In public institutions, food procurement is conducted through formal public procurement processes. However, emphasizing cost-effectiveness in bidding criteria, such as prioritizing [...] Read more.

School meals play a critical role in supporting students’ biopsychosocial growth, development, learning, academic performance, and the establishment of healthy eating habits. In public institutions, food procurement is conducted through formal public procurement processes. However, emphasizing cost-effectiveness in bidding criteria, such as prioritizing the lowest product price, may inadvertently encourage the acquisition of foods high in critical nutrients. In Brazil, specific guidelines for public school food procurement have been introduced to improve the nutritional quality of foods included in school menus. Objective: To evaluate the impact of legislative measures and regulations implemented during the COVID-19 pandemic on the nutritional composition of school meals provided by federal high schools in Rio Grande do Norte, located in northeastern Brazil. It also compared the composition and origin of foods procured before and after the pandemic. Methods: This is a longitudinal observational panel study conducted across 20 federal schools. Procurement documents from 2019 (pre-pandemic) and 2021 (post-pandemic) were analyzed to assess changes in the nutritional profile of procured foods. Results: Post-pandemic, the procurement of natural and minimally processed and processed foods increased, representing 73.39% and 10.34%, respectively, of the total approved foods. There was also a 39% reduction in ultra-processed foods compared to 2019, in addition to a reduction in culinary ingredients. Additionally, the proportion of foods containing excessive levels of critical nutrients declined. A significant shift was observed in the origin of procured foods, with a notable increase in the purchase of locally sourced items. Conclusions: The findings indicate a positive shift in the nutritional quality of foods procured after the COVID-19 pandemic, with a decrease in ultra-processed food purchases and an increase in the procurement of natural and minimally processed options. Nonetheless, the continued presence of ultra-processed foods and items with excessive critical nutrients highlights the need for further improvements in public procurement practices to fully align with nutritional guidelines. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Community-Engaged Strategies to Improve Food Access, Food Security, and Health Outcomes)

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Nutrients, Volume 17, Issue 1 (January-1 2025) – 163 articles

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