ⴰⵏⴳⵉⴳⵜ

ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵏⴳⵉⴳⵜ^[1] ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵣⵡⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵉⵖⵣⵣⵉⴼⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ 30 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ.^[2] ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵙⴽⵉⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⵣⵡⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵖⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ: ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵖⵉ ⴷ ⵓⴳⵓⵏⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴹⵓ ⴷ ⵡⵓⴷⵓⵣ ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵕⵓ ⴷ ⵡⴰⴹⵓ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴹⵕⴰⵏ. ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵏⴳⵉⴳⵜ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⴷⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵎⵏⴳⵉⴳⵜ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵔⵡⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⴳⵔⵉⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ.^[3] ⴰⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⵓⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵏⴳⵉⴳⵜ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵙ ⵉⵔⴽⴰⵣⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵔⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵊⵖⵔⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵜ, ⴰⵡⴷ ⵉⵣⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵢⵓⴷⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵣⴰⵣ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ.


ⴰⵏⴳⵉⴳⵜ

ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵏ
ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ ⴰⵢⵢⴰⵡ	ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏⵜ
ⴰⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⵏ	ⵜⴰⵡⵏⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏⵜ
ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉ	ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴳⵉⴳⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵣⵡⵉⵜ
ⵖⵔⵙ ⵉⴳⵯⵣⵎⴰⵏ	climate zone (en)

ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵏⴳⵉⴳⵜ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵎⵏⴳⵉⴳⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴷ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ.

ⵣⵎⵔⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴱⴹⵓⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⵉⴳⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴽⵉⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵏⴰⴹⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵓⵔⵜ, ⴰⵀⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵣⵣⵉⴳⵙⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵖⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴹⵕⴰⵏ. ⵙⴳ ⵜⵡⵏⴰⵖⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⴽⵓⴱⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵏⴳⵉⴳⵜ. ⴷⴰⵖ ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⵏⵜⵓⵢⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙⵏ ⵙⴳ 1948, ⵢⵓⴷⴼ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵔⵓⴳⴳⵓ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵡⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵖⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴹⵕⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⴱⵢⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵏ ⵓⵃⵚⴰⵕ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵖⵉ ⴳⵉⵙ. ⴷⴰⵖ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴷⵉⴽⵉⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⴱⵉⵔⴳⵉⵔⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵓⴷⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⴷⵖⵔⴰⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵥⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵛⴽⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴹⵓⵕⴰ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵥⵍⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⵏⴳⵉⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ.

ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵙⵏⴳⵉⴳⵜ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵉⴳⵜⵏ ⵉⵇⴱⵓⵔⵏ. ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏⵜ ⵜⵏⵥⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵔⵉⴷⵉⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵏⴳⵉⴳⵜ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵜⵥⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡⵜ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⵉⴳⵜⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵙⴽⵉⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⴳⵉⴳⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⵥⴰⵜⵏ ⴰⵔⵎⵉⴷⵉⵔⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵓⵍ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴳⵍⵎⴰⵎⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵉⴼⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⵥⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⴷⵉⵔⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⴳⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴷⵎⴰⵎⵏ.

ⵉⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍ

ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⴽⵓⴱⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵏⴳⵉⴳⵜ ⴳ ⵜⴽⴰⵕⴹⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ.

ⵜⴰⴽⴰⵕⴹⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵖⵉ.

ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵡⵉⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵖⵉ

ⵢⵓⵙ ⴷ ⵢⵉⵔⵎ ⵏ "climate" (ⴰⵏⴳⵉⴳⵜ) ⵙⴳ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵢⵓⵏⴰⵏⵉⵜ "klima" ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ "ⴰⴼⵔⵔⵓⵖ", ⴷⴰⵢ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵏⴳⵉⴳⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵣⵡⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵣⵎⴰⵣ ⵉⵖⵣⵣⵉⴼⵏ.^[4] ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ 30 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ.^[5] ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵣⵎⵔⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵉⵣⵎⴰⵣ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ. ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏⴰ ⵓⵏⴳⵉⴳⵜ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵉⵙⵉⴹⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵛⴽⵜ (ⵏⵖⴷ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ), ⴰⵎ ⵓⴽⵙⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵓ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏⵖⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵖⵔ ⵡⵉⵢⴰⴹ. ⴰⵔ ⵜⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵜⴳ ⵡⵉⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵣⵡⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵖⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵣⵡⵉ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵏⴳⵉⴳⵜ:

ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵏⴳⵉⴳⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵓⵇⵎⵉⵔ "ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵣⵡⵉ", ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⵉⵏⵖⴷⵏ, ⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⴰⵏⵙⵎⴽⵜⴰⵢ ⴳ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵎⴽⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵎⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔⵏ ⴰⵔ ⴰⴼⴹⴰⵏ ⵏⵉⵖ ⵉⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ. ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⴰⴷ 30 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵎⴽⴷⴰ ⵜⵥⵍⵉ ⵜⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⵣⵡⵉⵜ (WMO). ⴳ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵙⵎⴽⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵙⴽⵉⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵓⵔ ⴰⵎ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵖⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴹⵕⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⴹⵓ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵏⴳⵉⴳⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⵡ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵉⴳⵜ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵓⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⴰⵏⵙⵎⴽⵜⴰⵢ.

ⵉⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵉⴳⵜ

ⴰⵔ ⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴱⵔⵉⴷⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵉⴳⵜ ⴳ ⵉⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⵡⵏⴹⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵎⵔⵡⴰⵙⵏ. ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⵉⵢⵓⵏⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⵇⴱⵓⵔⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵉⴳⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵄⵔⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⵔⵓⵜ. ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵎⴽⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵉⴳⵜ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⴷⵉⴽⵉⵏⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵎⵏⵜⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵉⴳⵜ, ⴷ ⵜⵎⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵙⵉⵔⵉⵎⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⴷⵉⴽⵉⵏⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵉⴹⵉⵚⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵉⴳⵜ.

ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵉⵔⴳⵉⵔⵙⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⵔ ⴰⴷⵖⵔⴰⵏ

ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵉⵔⵅⴰⵏ ⵡⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏⴰⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵉⴹⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴰⴽⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴹⵓ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵉⵔⴳⵉⵔⵙⵓⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⴷⴳⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴰⴽⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴹⵓ.^[6] ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴰⴽⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴹⵓ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍⵏ; ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴰⵔ ⵉⴳⵍⵍⵎ ⵜⵉⵥⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵓⵏⴷⵓ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ c ⴳ ⵓⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴰⴽⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⴹⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵏⵥⴰⵡⵉⵏ (ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵣⵣⴰⵖⵉⵏ). ⴰⵔ ⵉⴳⵍⵍⵎ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ m ⴳ ⵓⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴰⴽⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⴹⴰ ⵜⴰⵢⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ (ⵜⵉⵍⵇⵇⴰⵖⵉⵏ). ⴰⵔ ⵉⴳⵍⵍⵎ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵥⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵖⵉ ⵉ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴰⴽⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵓⵜ: ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ T ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⵡⴰⵜⵓⵔⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ P ⵜⵉⵙⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵏⴰⴹ, ⴷ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ A ⵜⵉⵙⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵏⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⵏⵉⵖ ⴰⵙⴰⵏⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ, ⴷⴰⵖ ⵉⴳⴰ M ⴰⴹⵓ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵉⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ E ⴰⵏⴳⵉⴳⵜ ⴰⴽⵡⴰⵜⵓⵔ ⴷ D ⴰⴹⵓ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ (ⴰⴹⵓ ⵢⵓⵣⵖⵏ). ⴷⴰⵖ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵡⵉⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵎⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵔⴳⴳⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵍ ⴰⵎⵎⴹⴰⵕⵓ. ⵎⵛ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⴽⴰⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵓⵜ ⵜⵚⵎⵎⵉⴹ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰ k. ⴷⴰⵖ ⵎⵛ ⵜⵍⴷⵓⴷⵉ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰ w.^[7]

ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⴽⵓⴱⴱⵏ

ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵖⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⴰⵔⵓ ⵏⴳⵔ 1961 ⴷ 1990.

ⴰⵏⴳⵉⴳⵜ ⴰⵍⵇⵇⴰⵖ ⴰⵎⵏⵥⴰⵡ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ

ⴰⵖⴰⵎⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵉⴳⵏⵓ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2014, ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⴹⴰⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵓⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵏⴰⵥⴰ.

ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴱⴷⴰⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⴽⵓⴱⴱⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵣⴰⵍⵉⵡⵏ ⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵖⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴹⵕⴰⵏ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵎⴰⵖⵏⵓ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⴽⵓⴱⴱⵏ ⵡⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏⴰⵏ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⴰⵍ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ A ⴰⵔ E.

ⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ A: ⴰⴽⵡⴰⵜⵓⵔ, B: ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵣⴰⵖ, C: ⴰⵎⵍⴷⵓⴷⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵓⵏⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵜ, D: ⴰⵚⵎⵎⴰⴹ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵓⵏⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵜ, E: ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵓⴹ. ⵎⴽⴷⴰ ⵉⵣⵎⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵜⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵖⵔ ⵉⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵙⵉⵏⴰⵏⵏ, ⴰⵎ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⵥⴰⵕ ⴷ ⵡⴰⴹⵓ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵉⵔⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴰⴼⴰⵏⴰ ⴰⵎⵏⴰⵏⴰⴹ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴳⵉⴳⵜ ⴰⵍⵇⵇⴰⵖ ⴰⵣⵓⵎⵏⴰⵏⴰⴹ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴳⵉⴳⵜ ⴰⵍⵇⵇⴰⵖ ⴰⵎⵏⵥⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴳⵉⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵔⵡⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴳⵉⴳⵜ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵏⵣⵔⵓⴼⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴷⴰⵖ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴳⵉⴳⵜ ⴰⵣⵓⵎⵙⵏⵓⴹ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵏⴷⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵖⴰⵎⵓⵙ ⵓⴳⵔⵉⵙ ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵓⴹ.

ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⵥⴰⵕ: ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵏⵥⴰⵕ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ, ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵎⵏⵛⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴹⵕⴰⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵏⴳⵔ 1,750 ⵎⵍⵎ ⴷ 2,000 ⵎⵍⵎ. ⴷ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵖⵉ ⵉⵣⵔⵉ 18° ⴳ ⵇⴰⵃ ⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ.^[8]
ⴰⴹⵓ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵉⵔⵏ: ⴰⴹⵓ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵔ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵖⵉⵎⴰ ⵛⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔⵏ, ⴰⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵏⵥⴰⵕ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ.^[9] ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵡⴰⴹⵓ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵉⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵢⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⴷ ⵡⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵣⵔⵓⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵜⵔⴰⵍⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⵇⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵢⴰ.^[10]
ⴰⵙⴰⴼⴰⵏⴰ ⴰⵎⵏⴰⵏⴰⴹ: ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵎⵓ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰ ⵓⵏⴳⵉⴳⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵓⵣⵓⵇⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵣⵓⵍⵇⵇⴰⵖ, ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵜⵙⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵓⴽⵡⴰⵜⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴽⵡⴰⵜⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⴳⵏ ⵉⵊⵖⵔⴰⴼⵉⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⵔⵓⵜ. ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵎⵏⵛⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵖⵉ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⵓⴳⵔ 18° ⵇⴰⵃ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ, ⴷ ⵜⵎⵏⵛⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⵯⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵥⴰⵕ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵏⴳⵔ 750 ⵎⵍⵎ ⴷ 1270 ⵎⵍⵎ. ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ, ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵀⵉⵏⴷⵓⵙⵜⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⵏ ⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵍⵉⵣⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵜⵔⴰⵍⵢⴰ.^[11]

ⴰⵏⴳⵉⴳⵜ ⴰⵣⵓⴽⵡⴰⵜⵓⵔ ⴰⵍⵇⵇⴰⵖ: ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴳⵉⴳⵜ, ⴰⵔ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵏⵥⴰⵕ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵔⵙⵜ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴰⴷⴼⵍ ⴷⵉ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴽⴰⵍ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵎⵓⵏ ⵓⵏⵥⴰⵕ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵏⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵡⴰⴹⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴷⴰⵔⴰⵎ, ⴷⴰⵖ ⴰⵏⵥⴰⵕ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴷⵓ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵏⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵊⴰⴳⴳⵯⵊⵏ ⵉⴽⵡⴰⵜⵓⵔⵏ.^[12]
ⴰⵏⴳⵉⴳⵜ ⴰⵎⵏⵥⴰⵡ ⴰⵍⵇⵇⴰⵖ: ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⴳⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵣⵡⵉ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵖⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵎⵉⵔⵏ. ⴰⵔ ⴽⵛⵛⵎⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵎⵉⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵎⵓ ⵢⵓⴳⵔ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵖⵉ ⵜⴰⴽⵓⵢⴰⵙⵙⵜ 10 ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⴰⵍ, ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴷⴷⴰⵡⵜ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ -3 ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⴰⵍ.^[13]
ⴰⵏⴳⵉⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵔⵡⴰⵏ: ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵜⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⴳⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵇⴰⵃ ⵜⵉⵎⵏⵥⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ, ⴰⵡⴷ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵇⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵜⵔⴰⵍⵢⴰ. ⴷⴰⵢ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵉⴳⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵓⵏⵥⴰⵕ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵇⴰⵃ.
ⴰⵏⴳⵉⴳⵜ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ: ⵉⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⴳⵉⴳⵜ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ, ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵓⴷⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⵏ ⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⴷⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵜⵔⴰⵍⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵢⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ, ⴷ ⵛⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵛⵉⵍⵉ. ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵉⴳⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵓⵏⴱⴷⵓ ⵉⵃⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵣⵖⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵔⵙⵜ ⵉⵚⵎⵎⴹⵏ.
ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴷⴰⵖ: ⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵢⵓⵣⵖⵏ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⴰ, ⴰⵔ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵜⵜⵎⵢⴰⴳⴰⵔⵏⵜ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵖⵉ ⵙ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⴰⵡⴹⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵏⴱⴷⵓ ⵙ 40° ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ, ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵏ 40° ⴳ ⵜⴳⵔⵙⵜ.^[14]
ⴰⵏⴳⵉⴳⵜ ⴰⵣⵓⵎⵙⵏⵓⴹ: ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵉⴳⵜ ⵎⵓ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙ ⵓⵏⵥⴰⵕ, ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵎⵏⵛⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵖⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵏⴳⵉⴳⵜ ⴰⴷ 10° ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⴰⵍ, ⴰⵔ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵓⴳⵔⵉⵙ ⵙ ⵡⵓⴳⵓⵣ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵖⵉ ⴽⵓ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ.^[15]
ⵜⵓⵏⴷⵔⴰ: ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵏⴳⵉⴳⵜ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵣⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ, ⴳ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴽⴽⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⴳⴰ, ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵏⴳⵉⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⴷⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⵏ ⵔⵓⵙⵢⴰ ⴷ ⴽⴰⵏⴰⴷⴰ.^[16]
ⴰⵖⴰⵎⵓⵙ ⵓⴳⵔⵉⵙ ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵓⴹ: ⵏⵉⵖ ⴰⵏⵇⵇⵉⴹ ⵓⴳⵔⵉⵙ ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵓⴹ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⵔⵓⵜ ⵢⴰⴳⴳⵓⴳⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵓⴽⵡⴰⵜⵓⵔ ⴳ ⴽⵓ ⴰⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ ⵏⵉⵖ ⵜⴰⵣⵉⵔⵉ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵖⵎⵎⵙ ⵙ ⵓⴳⵔⵉⵙ.

ⵜⴰⵏⵣⵔⵓⴼⵜ: ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⴳ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙ ⵓⵏⵥⴰⵕ, ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵖⵉ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ, ⴰⵡⴷ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵉⵎⵉⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ.

ⵜⵓⵔⵏⵜⵓⵢⵜ

ⵉⵎⴹⵕⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔⵏ

ⵜⴰⴱⵔⵉⴷⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵣⵡⵉ ⵉⵙⵍⵍⵡⵉ ⵜⵜ ⴰⵎⵙⵏⴳⵉⴳⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵊⵖⵔⴰⴼ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉ ⵜⵓⵔⵏⵜⵓⵢⵜ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴱⴷⴰⴷ ⵜⴱⵔⵉⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵙⵎⴽⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵔⵓⴳⴳⵜ.^[17] ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵖⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⴽⵜⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴹⵕⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵖⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵙⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵢⵏ ⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ.

ⵉⵙⵓⴳⴰⵎ

ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ

[1] ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵍⵉⴽⵟⵕⵓⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⴳ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ

[2] ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵜⴳ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵣⵡⵉ.

[3] ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵜⴳ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵣⵡⵉ.

[4] ttp://glossary.ametsoc.org/glossary/search?id=climate1

[5] ttps://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/climate/maps-and-data

[6] ttps://books.google.com/books?id=nqQXAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA50

[7] ttp://glossary.ametsoc.org/glossary/search?id=airmass-classification1

[8] ttp://www.radford.edu/~swoodwar/CLASSES/GEOG235/biomes/rainforest/rainfrst.html

[9] ttp://glossary.ametsoc.org/glossary/search?p=1&query=monsoon

[10] ttp://caos.iisc.ernet.in/faculty/bng/IWM-III-BNG_overview.pdf

[11] ttp://www.radford.edu/~swoodwar/CLASSES/GEOG235/biomes/savanna/savanna.html

[12] ttps://www.britannica.com:443/eb/article-53358/climate

[13] ttp://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/11/1633/2007/hess-11-1633-2007.html

[14] ttps://web.archive.org/web/20080422233231/http://www.blueplanetbiomes.org/steppe_climate_page.htm

[15] ttps://web.archive.org/web/20080525080242/http://www.uwsp.edu/geo/faculty/ritter/geog101/textbook/climate_systems/subarctic.html

[16] ttp://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/glossary/gloss5/biome/tundra.html

[17] ttp://glossary.ametsoc.org/glossary/search?p=1&query=Thornthwaite&submit=Search

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