Siaⁿ-tiāu hû-hō
Siann-tiāu hû-hō (ing-gú: tone letter; tiāu-hû, gōo-tōo piau-kì huat (five level tone mark); ji̍t-gú: 声調記号 (siann-tiāu kì-hō)) tio̍h-sī gōo-tōo tsè tiāu-ti̍t piau-kì huat, sī Tiō Goân-jīm tī 1920 nî-tāi huat-bîng ê tsi̍t-tsióng kì-lio̍k gú-giân tiāu-ti̍t ê hong-huat[2]. Tiāu-hû teh Hàn-gú hong-giân, miâu-iâu gú, í-ki̍p tōng-tâi gú ê tiâu-tsa tang-tiong tāi-liōng sú-iōng; teh kî-thann gú-giân ê biâu-siá tang-tiong iah-ū tsiânn-tsē íng-hióng.
| Rising and falling tones[1] | |
|---|---|
| ˩˥ ˧˥ ˨˦ ˩˧ ˩˩˧ ˥˩ ˥˧ ˦˨ ˧˩ ˥˥˧ |
| Peaking and dipping tones[1] | |
|---|---|
| ˩˥˧ ˧˥˩ ˧˥˧ ˩˧˩ ˥˩˧ ˧˩˥ ˥˧˥ ˧˩˧ ˨˦˨ ˦˨˦ ˨˩˧꜔꜓꜕ | |
|
Contour-tone letters are composed as sequences: ˥ ˧ → ˥˧, ˧ ˩ ˧ → ˧˩˧ |
| Register tones | |
|---|---|
| ˥ ˦ ˧ ˨ ˩ ꜒ ꜓ ꜔ ꜕ ꜖ | |
| IPA pian-hō |
519–523 |
| Entity (decimal) | ˥–˩ |
| pian-bé | |
| Unicode cha̍p-la̍k-chìn-ūi | U+02E5–U+02E9 |
| Level tones | |
|---|---|
| ˥ ˧ ˩ ˥ ˩ | |
| Long level-tone letters are commonly used for non-checked syllables and short letters for checked syllables, though this is not an IPA distinction. |
Unicode lāi-té ê Siann-tiāu hû-hō
siu-káiTeh Unicode lāi-té, IPA siann-tiāu hû-hō ê pian-bé jû-hā:[3]
- Piau-tsún kùn-á hîng siann-tiāu hû-hō
- U+02E5 ˥ MODIFIER LETTER EXTRA-HIGH TONE BAR (HTML
˥) - U+02E6 ˦ MODIFIER LETTER HIGH TONE BAR (HTML
˦) - U+02E7 ˧ MODIFIER LETTER MID TONE BAR (HTML
˧) - U+02E8 ˨ MODIFIER LETTER LOW TONE BAR (HTML
˨) - U+02E9 ˩ MODIFIER LETTER EXTRA-LOW TONE BAR (HTML
˩)
- Tó-píng ê siann-tiāu hû-hō
- U+A712 ꜒ MODIFIER LETTER EXTRA-HIGH LEFT-STEM TONE BAR (HTML
꜒) - U+A713 ꜓ MODIFIER LETTER HIGH LEFT-STEM TONE BAR (HTML
꜓) - U+A714 ꜔ MODIFIER LETTER MID LEFT-STEM TONE BAR (HTML
꜔) - U+A715 ꜕ MODIFIER LETTER LOW LEFT-STEM TONE BAR (HTML
꜕) - U+A716 ꜖ MODIFIER LETTER EXTRA-LOW LEFT-STEM TONE BAR (HTML
꜖)
Tsia--ê án siann-tiāu khing-khak ê sūn-sū tsoo-ha̍p.
Tiám ê siann-tiāu hû-hō piáu-sī lû-hā:
- Tiám ê siann-tiāu hû-hō
- U+A708 ꜈ MODIFIER LETTER EXTRA-HIGH DOTTED TONE BAR (HTML
꜈) - U+A709 ꜉ MODIFIER LETTER HIGH DOTTED TONE BAR (HTML
꜉) - U+A70A ꜊ MODIFIER LETTER MID DOTTED TONE BAR (HTML
꜊) - U+A70B ꜋ MODIFIER LETTER LOW DOTTED TONE BAR (HTML
꜋) - U+A70C ꜌ MODIFIER LETTER EXTRA-LOW DOTTED TONE BAR (HTML
꜌)
- Tò-píng ê siann-tiāu hû-hō
- U+A70D ꜍ MODIFIER LETTER EXTRA-HIGH DOTTED LEFT-STEM TONE BAR (HTML
꜍) - U+A70E ꜎ MODIFIER LETTER HIGH DOTTED LEFT-STEM TONE BAR (HTML
꜎) - U+A70F ꜏ MODIFIER LETTER MID DOTTED LEFT-STEM TONE BAR (HTML
꜏) - U+A710 ꜐ MODIFIER LETTER LOW DOTTED LEFT-STEM TONE BAR (HTML
꜐) - U+A711 ꜑ MODIFIER LETTER EXTRA-LOW DOTTED LEFT-STEM TONE BAR (HTML
꜑)
Although not defined specifically as IPA, many of the IPA staveless tone letters (or at least approximations of them, depending on the font) are available in Unicode:
- Bi̍k-jīm hi̍k-tsiá kuân bô kùn-á hîng siann-tiāu hû-hō
- U+02C9 ˉ MODIFIER LETTER MACRON (HTML
ˉ) - U+02CA ˊ MODIFIER LETTER ACUTE ACCENT (HTML
ˊ) - U+02CB ˋ MODIFIER LETTER GRAVE ACCENT (HTML
ˋ) - U+02C6 ˆ MODIFIER LETTER CIRCUMFLEX ACCENT (HTML
ˆ⧼dot-separator⧽ˆ) - U+02C7 ˇ CARON (HTML
ˇ⧼dot-separator⧽ˇ, ˇ) - U+02DC ˜ SMALL TILDE (HTML
˜⧼dot-separator⧽˜, ˜) - U+02D9 ˙ DOT ABOVE (HTML
˙⧼dot-separator⧽˙, ˙)[4]
- Tiong bô kùn-á hîng siann-tiāu hû-hō
- U+02D7 ˗ MODIFIER LETTER MINUS SIGN (HTML
˗) - U+02F4 ˴ MODIFIER LETTER MIDDLE GRAVE ACCENT (HTML
˴) - U+223C ∼ TILDE OPERATOR (HTML
∼⧼dot-separator⧽∼, ∼, ∼, ∼) - U+223D ∽ REVERSED TILDE (HTML
∽⧼dot-separator⧽∽, ∽) - U+00B7 · MIDDLE DOT (HTML
·⧼dot-separator⧽·, ·, ·)
- Kē bô kùn-á hîng siann-tiāu hû-hō
- U+02CD ˍ MODIFIER LETTER LOW MACRON (HTML
ˍ) - U+02CF ˏ MODIFIER LETTER LOW ACUTE ACCENT (HTML
ˏ) - U+02CE ˎ MODIFIER LETTER LOW GRAVE ACCENT (HTML
ˎ) - U+A788 ꞈ MODIFIER LETTER LOW CIRCUMFLEX ACCENT (HTML
ꞈ) - U+02EC ˬ MODIFIER LETTER VOICING (HTML
ˬ) - U+02F7 ˷ MODIFIER LETTER LOW TILDE (HTML
˷) - U+2024 ․ ONE DOT LEADER (HTML
․)
Tsù-kái
siu-kái- ↑ 1.0 1.1 A great deal more combinations than these are possible. These examples are only slightly expanded from the limited set of ligatures suggested by Chao for broad phonetic notation, where mid-high and mid-low tones combine only with each other, and level does not combine with rising or falling.
- ↑ Chao, Y. R. (1930). "ə sistim əv "toun-letəz"". Le Maître Phonétique. 8 (45) (30): 24–27. ISSN 1016-832X. JSTOR 4470434. goân-loē-iông tī 2022-10-19 hőng khó͘-pih. 2022-10-19 khòaⁿ--ê.
- ↑ Unicode chart Spacing Modifying Letters (U+02B0.., pdf)
- ↑ Staveless dots for unaccented (reduced) high, mid and low tones, as well as an example of a more complex staveless tone, are found in Yuen Ren Chao (1927) tʃaɪniːz (piˑkɪŋiːz). Le Maître Phonétique, 3rd series, vol. 5 (42), no. 20, pp. 45-46
Tsham-khó bûn-hiàn
siu-kái- Chao, Yuen-Ren (1930), "ə sistim əv "toun-letəz"" [A system of "tone-letters"], Le Maître Phonétique, 30: 24–27, JSTOR 44704341
- Chao, Yuen-Ren (1956), "Tone, intonation, singsong, chanting, recitative, tonal composition and atonal composition in Chinese.", chū Halle, Moris, For Roman Jakobson, The Hague: Mouton, pp. 52–59
- Chao, Yuen-Ren (1968), A Grammar of Spoken Chinese, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press
- Cheng, Teresa M. (1973), "The Phonology of Taishan", Journal of Chinese Linguistics, 1 (2): 256–322
- Du, Tsai-Chwun (1988), Tone and Stress in Taiwanese, Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan (Ph.D. Dissertation)
- Fon, Janice; Chaing, Wen-Yu (1999), "What does Chao have to say about tones?", Journal of Chinese Linguistics, 27 (1): 13–37
- International Phonetic Association (1999), Handbook of the International Phonetic Association, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press
- Vance, Timothy J. (1977), "Tonal distinctions in Cantonese", Phonetica, 34 (2): 93–107, doi:10.1159/000259872, PMID 594156
Tsham-ua̍t
siu-kái- JSTOR
Guā-pōo liân-kiat
siu-kái- Gōo-tōo tiāu-ti̍t piau-kì huatArchived 2015-06-08 at the Wayback Machine. (Hàn-gí)
- Tsù-im.phing-im.kok-tsè im-piau ê siann-tiāu hû-hō pí-kàu í-ki̍p tuì-ìng kàu ê im-ko (Hàn-gí)