音階

音階（粵拼：jam1 gaai1；英文：scale），喺現時嘅音樂理論，係指一系列特定音程嘅特定排列方法^[1]。呢種特定排列通常夾埋啱啱係一個八度，之後就重覆；喺傳統西方音樂，音階可以粗略分做大調音階同小調音階兩大類，都係由七個音程組成，另外亦有所謂半音音階，由十二個半音組成。

$\layout { line-width = #72 ragged-last = ##f \context { \Score \override SpacingSpanner.spacing-increment = #1/2 \remove System_start_delimiter_engraver } } << \new Staff \with { \remove Bar_engraver \remove Time_signature_engraver } { \set Staff.midiMinimumVolume = 0.0 \set Staff.midiMaximumVolume = 0.0 \new Voice \with { \consists Horizontal_bracket_engraver \override HorizontalBracket.direction = #UP \override HorizontalBracket.Y-offset = 3.8 } \transpose c c' { c4 -\tweak HorizontalBracketText.text "全音"\startGroup d \stopGroup e -\tweak HorizontalBracketText.text "半音"\startGroup f \stopGroup g -\tweak HorizontalBracketText.text "全音"\startGroup a \stopGroup b -\tweak HorizontalBracketText.text "半音"\startGroup c'1 \stopGroup } } \new Staff \with { \remove Bar_engraver \remove Time_signature_engraver \remove Key_engraver \remove Clef_engraver \override StaffSymbol.line-count = 0 } { \new Voice \with { \consists Horizontal_bracket_engraver \override HorizontalBracket.direction = #DOWN \override HorizontalBracket.shorten-pair = #'(0 . 1) \override HorizontalBracket.Y-offset = 3.9 } \transpose c c' { \hideNotes c4 d -\tweak HorizontalBracketText.text "全音"\startGroup e \stopGroup f -\tweak HorizontalBracketText.text "全音"\startGroup g \stopGroup a -\tweak HorizontalBracketText.text "全音"\startGroup b \stopGroup c'1 } } >>$

大調嘅特定音程排列係全音、全音、半音、全音、全音、全音、半音；由 C 音開始咁排，得出 C-D-E-F-G-A-B-C，叫 C 大調。

$\layout { line-width = #72 ragged-last = ##f \context { \Score \override SpacingSpanner.spacing-increment = #1/2 \remove System_start_delimiter_engraver } } << \new Staff \with { \remove Bar_engraver \remove Time_signature_engraver } { % 兩個聲部啲音完全冇分別，只係括弧唔同，咁做係夾硬嚟，唔係做唔到，呢個係 LilyPond 嘅限制 \new Voice \with { \override HorizontalBracket.direction = #UP \override HorizontalBracket.Y-offset = 3.8 \consists Horizontal_bracket_engraver } \transpose a, c' { \key a \minor <>^\markup \right-align { "上行形：" } a,4 -\tweak HorizontalBracketText.text "全音"\startGroup b, \stopGroup c -\tweak HorizontalBracketText.text "全音"\startGroup d \stopGroup e -\tweak HorizontalBracketText.text "全音"\startGroup fis \stopGroup gis -\tweak HorizontalBracketText.text "半音"\startGroup a2. \stopGroup\break % \key a \minor <>^\markup \right-align { " 下行形：" } a4 -\tweak HorizontalBracketText.text "全音"\startGroup g \stopGroup f -\tweak HorizontalBracketText.text "半音"\startGroup e \stopGroup d -\tweak HorizontalBracketText.text "全音"\startGroup c \stopGroup b, -\tweak HorizontalBracketText.text "全音"\startGroup a,1 \stopGroup } } \new Staff \with { \remove Bar_engraver \remove Time_signature_engraver \remove Key_engraver \remove Clef_engraver \override StaffSymbol.line-count = 0 } { \set Staff.midiMinimumVolume = 0.0 \set Staff.midiMaximumVolume = 0.0 \new Voice \with { \consists Horizontal_bracket_engraver \override HorizontalBracket.direction = #DOWN \override HorizontalBracket.shorten-pair = #'(0 . 1) \override HorizontalBracket.Y-offset = 3.9 } \transpose a, c' { \hideNotes \key a \minor a,4 b, \tweak HorizontalBracketText.text "半音"\startGroup c \stopGroup d \tweak HorizontalBracketText.text "全音"\startGroup e \stopGroup fis \tweak HorizontalBracketText.text "全音"\startGroup gis \stopGroup a2. \break a4 g \tweak HorizontalBracketText.text "全音"\startGroup f \stopGroup e \tweak HorizontalBracketText.text "全音"\startGroup d \stopGroup c \tweak HorizontalBracketText.text "半音"\startGroup b, \stopGroup a,1 } } >>$

西樂嘅旋律小調，上行形同下行形唔同樣，夾埋其實有九個音，但係仍然都係算係七聲音階。

由任何一個音開始，按住音階入面嘅特定音程順序行，就會得出一系列嘅其他音，計埋第一個音，呢一系列嘅音亦係叫音階。數一個音階有幾多個音，會計埋第一個，但係通常唔計最後重覆咗嗰個，例如，由 C 音開始，按住大調嘅特定音程，順序得出 D、E、F、G、A、B、C，但係得出嚟嘅 C 大調算係有七個音，唔係八個。

音階可以上去同落返嚟唔同樣，上去個樣叫上行形^{[註 1]}，落返嚟個樣叫下行形^{[註 1]}。例如，日本嘅陰旋法上行形有五個音，下行形有唔同嘅五個音，夾埋其實有六個唔同嘅音，但係佢都係叫五聲音階^[2]。

音階嘅概念對於玩音樂嘅人嚟講相當有用，例如啲樂曲和弦進行起上嚟往往都會係（最少大致）喺同一段音階裏面行進嘅，如果彈緊鋼琴嗰個人知道跟住落嚟嗰段係 C 大調，佢可以臨要彈嗰段嘢之前事先將自己隻手移去 C 大調嗰啲 key 嘅位嗰度，等自己能夠更快噉對跟住要彈嘅音符做適當嘅反應^[3]。

睇埋

攷

拎

The beginner's guide to music scales: what are they and why are they important?. musicradar.

註

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 譯名見：Chi 2017

書目

Chi, Kennedy (2017年10月15號)。〈日本五聲音階〉。喺2024年10月28號搵到。
Michelmore, Guy (2020年2月25號). Music Theory in 16 Minutes (短片) (英國英文). 喺2024年10月30號搵到.

呢篇音階係一篇關於音樂嘅楔位文章。你可以編輯呢版充實內容。

[FOOTNOTEMichelmore20204:22-1] Michelmore 2020, 4:22.

[FOOTNOTEChi2017-3] Chi 2017.

[4] The beginner's guide to music scales: what are they and why are they important?.

[g-ff7ae90b6cd0dfbf74e365b7c6dc116d-2] 1.0 ^1.1 譯名見：Chi 2017

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