美洲原住民語言

美洲原住民語言并不是一种语言,甚至也不是属于一种语系,而是美洲所有原住民的各种语言的总称。其中瑪雅語曾经有自己的文字系统。随着15世纪末开始西方殖民主义者的到来,美洲原住民数量在几百年的时间里锐减,再加上文化的同化,大部分美洲原住民语言都已经灭绝,目前即使会说美洲土著语言的大部分人也是操双语的人群。因为缺少研究材料,对美洲土著语言的研究很不足,目前对許多美洲土著语言的分类说法不一,尚不能把语系确定下来,只能暂时分为语组,大致有如下个语组,有几百种以上的语言,有许多语言现在能流利的说的人不足几十甚至几个人,大部分已经灭绝。

南美的大語系:黑點表示孤立語言,灰點表示語系劃分有爭議的語言

根据UNESCO的说法,美洲的大多数土著语言都处于严重濒危状态,许多语言已经成为休眠语言(没有母语使用者,但有一群遗产语言的使用者)或完全灭绝。大多数广泛使用的土著语言是南部克丘亚语(主要在南秘鲁和玻利维亚使用)和瓜拉尼语(以巴拉圭为中心,与西班牙语共同享有国家语言地位),大约有六七百万使用者(在瓜拉尼语的情况下,包括许多欧洲血统的人)。只有6种其他语言的使用者超过一百万;这些语言包括玻利维亚的艾马拉语和墨西哥的纳瓦特尔语,各有将近两百万使用者;危地马拉和墨西哥的玛雅语言克克其语基切语尤卡坦玛雅语,大约各有一百万使用者;可能还有一两种在秘鲁和厄瓜多尔的克丘亚语。在美国,根据2010年人口普查,有372,000人报告在家中使用一种土著语言。[1]在加拿大,根据2011年人口普查,有133,000人报告在家中使用一种土著语言。[2]在格陵兰,约90%的人口讲格陵兰语,这是最广泛使用的爱斯基摩语

語系種類

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北美洲

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中美洲

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南美洲

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參考文獻

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引用

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来源

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北美洲
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  • Boas, Franz. (1922). Handbook of American Indian languages (Vol. 2). Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 40. Washington: Government Print Office (Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology).
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  • Goddard, Ives. (2005). The indigenous languages of the southeast. Anthropological Linguistics, 47 (1), 1–60.
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  • Powell, John W. (1915). Linguistic families of American Indians north of Mexico by J. W. Powell, revised by members of the staff of the Bureau of American Ethnology. (Map). Bureau of American Ethnology miscellaneous publication (No. 11). Baltimore: Hoen.
  • Sebeok, Thomas A. (Ed.). (1973). Linguistics in North America (parts 1 & 2). Current trends in linguistics (Vol. 10). The Hauge: Mouton. (Reprinted as Sebeok 1976).
  • Sebeok, Thomas A. (Ed.). (1976). Native languages of the Americas. New York: Plenum.
  • Sherzer, Joel. (1973). Areal linguistics in North America. In T. A. Sebeok (Ed.), Linguistics in North America (part 2, pp. 749–795). Current trends in linguistics (Vol. 10). The Hauge: Mouton. (Reprinted in Sebeok 1976).
  • Sherzer, Joel. (1976). An areal-typological study of American Indian languages north of Mexico. Amsterdam: North-Holland.
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  • Sturtevant, William C. (Ed.). (1978–present). Handbook of North American Indians (Vol. 1–20). Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Institution. (Vols. 1–3, 16, 18–20 not yet published).
  • Vaas, Rüdiger: ‘Die Sprachen der Ureinwohner’. In: Stoll, Günter, Vaas, Rüdiger: Spurensuche im Indianerland. Hirzel. Stuttgart 2001, chapter 7.
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  • Debian North American Indigenous Languages Project页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
南美洲
  • Adelaar, Willem F. H.; & Muysken, Pieter C. (2004). The languages of the Andes. Cambridge language surveys. Cambridge University Press.
  • Fabre, Alain. (1998). "Manual de las lenguas indígenas sudamericanas, I-II". München: Lincom Europa.
  • Kaufman, Terrence. (1990). Language history in South America: What we know and how to know more. In D. L. Payne (Ed.), Amazonian linguistics: Studies in lowland South American languages (pp. 13–67). Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-70414-3.
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  • Mason, J. Alden. (1950). The languages of South America. In J. Steward (Ed.), Handbook of South American Indians (Vol. 6, pp. 157–317). Smithsonian Institution Bureau of American Ethnology bulletin (No. 143). Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.
  • Migliazza, Ernest C.; & Campbell, Lyle. (1988). Panorama general de las lenguas indígenas en América. Historia general de América (Vol. 10). Caracas: Instituto Panamericano de Geografía e Historia.
  • Rodrigues, Aryon. (1986). Linguas brasileiras: Para o conhecimento das linguas indígenas. São Paulo: Edições Loyola.
  • Rowe, John H. (1954). Linguistics classification problems in South America. In M. B. Emeneau (Ed.), Papers from the symposium on American Indian linguistics (pp. 10–26). University of California publications in linguistics (Vol. 10). Berkeley: University of California Press.
  • Sapir, Edward. (1929). Central and North American languages. In The encyclopædia britannica: A new survey of universal knowledge (14 ed.) (Vol. 5, pp. 138–141). London: The Encyclopædia Britannica Company, Ltd.
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外部連結

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  NODES
INTERN 2
Project 2