早期尼德蘭繪畫

早期尼德蘭繪畫也稱佛蘭芒原始繪畫（荷蘭語：Vlaamse Primitieven）是15及16世紀北方文藝復興時勃艮第及哈布斯堡統治時的尼德蘭地區的繪畫作品，布魯日、根特、圖爾奈及布魯塞爾是其重鎮。這些作品主要屬於國際哥德式藝術，先鋒人物是1420年代開始活躍的揚·凡·艾克和羅伯特·坎平。早期尼德蘭繪畫的時代在1523年傑拉爾德·大衛去世不久之後結束。^[3] 但也有學者將結束時間延遲到荷蘭起義爆發的1566至1568年間。早期尼德蘭繪畫的時閒段與前期文藝復興到其全盛期這一時間基本重疊，但一般都與意大利文藝復興分開來研究。在這一時期，中世紀歐洲北方藝術達到了頂峰。

這一時期的主要藝術家包括揚·凡·艾克、羅伯特·坎平、羅希爾·范德魏登、迪里克·鮑茨、彼得魯斯·克里斯蒂、漢斯·梅姆林、雨果·凡·德·古斯和耶羅尼米斯·博斯。他們對錯視等藝術手法瞭如指掌，在繪畫中大量運用各種象徵。其作品基本都描繪的是宗教場景，否則就是小幅肖像畫。純粹的寫實或神話場景均不多見。繪畫中會出現精細的風景，但16世紀早期之前一般都是作為背景來使用。他們的作品一般都是板面油畫，其形式除去單幅作品外，還包括雙聯畫、三聯畫及其他多聯畫。除油畫之外，他們也涉足雕塑、壁毯、泥金裝飾手抄本和彩色玻璃等領域。

第一代早期尼德蘭畫家活躍時正值勃艮第的全盛期，當時低地國家成爲了歐洲北部的政治經濟中心，這些畫家的作品行銷外國公卿之間。但16世紀和17世紀的偶像破壞運動中被大量銷毀，今只有數千幅留存。而這些作品直到19世紀中期才開始得到重視，然而由於早期的破壞和缺乏記錄，現在即使是一些有名的早期尼德蘭繪畫作品也仍存在許多疑點與爭議。

參考文獻

引用

^ Ward (1994), 19
^ Elkins (1991), 53–62
^ Spronk (1996), 7

來源

Acres, Alfred. "Rogier van der Weyden's Painted Texts". Artibus et Historiae, Volume 21, No. 41, 2000
Ainsworth, Maryan. "The Business of Art: Patrons, Clients and Art Markets". Maryan Ainsworth, et al. (eds.), From Van Eyck to Bruegel: Early Netherlandish Painting in the Metropolitan Museum of Art. New York: Metropolitan Museum, 1998a. ISBN 0-87099-870-6
Ainsworth, Maryan. "Religious Painting from 1500 to 1550". Maryan Ainsworth, et al. (eds.), From Van Eyck to Bruegel: Early Netherlandish Painting in the Metropolitan Museum of Art. New York: Metropolitan Museum, 1998b. ISBN 0-87099-870-6
Ainsworth, Maryan Ainsworth. "Religious Painting from 1420 to 1500". Maryan Ainsworth, et al. (eds.), From Van Eyck to Bruegel: Early Netherlandish Painting in the Metropolitan Museum of Art. New York: Metropolitan Museum, 1998c. ISBN 0-87099-870-6
Arnade, Peter J., Beggars, Iconoclasts, and Civic Patriots: the Political Culture of the Dutch Revolt, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2008, ISBN 0-8014-7496-5, ISBN 978-0-8014-7496-5
Bauman, Guy. "Early Flemish Portraits 1425–1525". The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, Volume 43, No. 4, Spring, 1986
Blum, Shirley Neilsen. "Early Netherlandish Triptychs: A Study in Patronage". Speculum, Volume 47, No. 2, April 1972
Borchert, Till-Holger. "Innovation, reconstruction, deconstruction: Early Netherlandish Diptychs in the mirror of their reception". John Hand and Ron Spronk (eds.), Essays in Context: Unfolding the Netherlandish diptych. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2006. ISBN 978-0-300-12140-7
Borchert, Till-Holger. Van Eyck to Dürer: The Influence of Early Netherlandish painting on European Art, 1430–1530. London: Thames & Hudson, 2011. ISBN 978-0-500-23883-7
Campbell, Lorne. "Robert Campin, the Master of Flémalle and the Master of Mérode". The Burlington Magazine, Volume 116, No. 860, 1974
Campbell, Lorne. "The Art Market in the Southern Netherlands in the Fifteenth Century". The Burlington Magazine, Volume 118, No. 877, 1976
Campbell, Lorne. The Fifteenth-Century Netherlandish Paintings. London: National Gallery, 1998. ISBN 0-300-07701-7
Campbell, Lorne. Van der Weyden. London: Chaucer Press, 2004. ISBN 1-904449-24-7
Cavallo, Adolfo Salvatore. Medieval Tapestries in The Metropolitan Museum of Art. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1993. ISBN 0-300-08636-9
Chapuis, Julien. "Early Netherlandish Painting: Shifting Perspectives". Maryan Ainsworth, et al. (eds.), From Van Eyck to Bruegel: Early Netherlandish Painting in the Metropolitan Museum of Art. New York: Metropolitan Museum, 1998. ISBN 0-87099-870-6
Châtelet, Albert. "Early Dutch Painting, Painting in the northern Netherlands in the 15th century". Montreux: Montreux Fine Art Publications, 1980. ISBN 2-88260-009-7
Cleland, Elizabeth Adriana Helena. More Than Woven Paintings: The Reappearance of Rogier Van Der Weyden's Designs in Tapestry, Volume 2. London: University of London, 2002. (Ph.D thesis)
Christiansen, Keith. "The View from Italy". Maryan Ainsworth, et al. (eds.), From van Eyck to Bruegel: Early Netherlandish Painting in the Metropolitan Museum of Art. New York: Metropolitan Museum, 1998. ISBN 0-87099-870-6
Dhanens, Elisabeth. Hubert and Jan van Eyck. New York: Tabard Press, 1980. ISBN 0-933516-13-4
Deam, Lisa. "Flemish versus Netherlandish: A Discourse of Nationalism". Renaissance Quarterly, Volume 51, No. 1, 1998
Elkins, John, "On the Arnolfini Portrait and the Lucca Madonna: Did Jan van Eyck Have a Perspectival System?". The Art Bulletin, Volume 73, No. 1, March, 1991
Freeman, Margaret. "A New Room for the Unicorn Tapestries". The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin. Volume 32, No. 1, 1973
Friedländer, Max J. Early Netherlandish Painting. Translated by Heinz Norden. Leiden: Praeger, 1967–76. OCLC 61544744
Freedberg David, "Painting and the Counter-Reformation", from the catalogue to The Age of Rubens. Toledo, Ohio, 1993. online PDF （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）
Friedländer, Max J. From Van Eyck to Bruegel. (First pub. in German, 1916), London: Phaidon, 1981. ISBN 0-7148-2139-X
Hand, John Oliver; Metzger, Catherine; Spronk, Ron. Prayers and Portraits: Unfolding the Netherlandish Diptych. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2006. ISBN 0-300-12155-5
Harbison, Craig. "Realism and Symbolism in Early Flemish Painting". The Art Bulletin, Volume 66, No. 4, December, 1984
Harbison, Craig. "The Art of the Northern Renaissance". London: Laurence King Publishing, 1995. ISBN 1-78067-027-3
Holly, Michael Ann. Panofsky and the Foundations of Art History. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1985. ISBN 0-8014-9896-1
Huizinga, Johan. The Waning of the Middle Ages. Oxford: Benediction, 1924, (2009 edition). ISBN 978-1-84902-895-0
Hulin de Loo, Georges. "Diptychs of Rogier van der Weyden: I". Burlington Magazine, Volume 43, No. 245, 1923
Jacobs, Lynn. "The Triptychs of Hieronymus Bosch". The Sixteenth Century Journal, Volume 31, No. 4, 2000
Jacobs, Lynn. Opening Doors: The Early Netherlandish Triptych Reinterpreted. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2011. ISBN 0-271-04840-9
Janson, H.W. Janson's History of Art: Western Tradition. New York: Prentice Hall, 2006. ISBN 0-13-193455-4
Jones, Susan Frances. Van Eyck to Gossaert. London: National Gallery, 2011. ISBN 978-1-85709-504-3
Kemperdick, Stephan. The Early Portrait, from the Collection of the Prince of Liechtenstein and the Kunstmuseum Basel. Munich: Prestel, 2006. ISBN 3-7913-3598-7
Kren, Thomas. Illuminated Manuscripts of Belgium and the Netherlands at the J. Paul Getty Museum. Los Angeles: Getty Publications, 2010. ISBN 1-60606-014-7
MacCulloch, Diarmaid. The Reformation: Europe's House Divided. London: Penguin Books, 2005. ISBN 0-14-303538-X
Nash, Susie. Northern Renaissance art. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008. ISBN 0-19-284269-2
Nash, Susie. "A Fifteenth-Century French Manuscript and an Unknown Painting by Robert Campin". The Burlington Magazine, Volume 137, No. 1108, 1995
Orenstein, Nadine. "Pieter Bruegel the Elder". Maryan Ainsworth, et al. (eds.), From van Eyck to Bruegel: Early Netherlandish Painting in the Metropolitan Museum of Art. New York: Metropolitan Museum, 1998. ISBN 0-87099-870-6
Pächt, Otto. Early Netherlandish Painting from Rogier van der Weyden to Gerard David. New York: Harvey Miller, 1997. ISBN 1-872501-84-2
Panofsky, Erwin. Renaissance and Renascences in Western Art. New York: Harper & Row, 1969
Panofsky, Erwin. Early Netherlandish Painting. London: Harper Collins, 1971. ISBN 0-06-430002-1
Pearson, Andrea. "Personal Worship, Gender, and the Devotional Portrait Diptych". The Sixteenth Century Journal, Volume 31, No. 1, 2000
John Goldsmith. "The Museum's Collection of Renaissance Tapestries". The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, New Series, Volume 6, No. 4, 1947
Powell, Amy. "A Point 'Ceaselessly Pushed Back': The Origin of Early Netherlandish Painting. The Art Bulletin, Volume 88, No. 4, 2006
Ridderbos, Bernhard; Van Buren, Anne; Van Veen, Henk. Early Netherlandish Paintings: Rediscovery, Reception and Research. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2005. ISBN 0-89236-816-0
Silver, Larry. "The State of Research in Northern European Art of the Renaissance Era". The Art Bulletin, Volume 68, No. 4, 1986
Silver, Larry. Peasant Scenes and Landscapes: The Rise of Pictorial Genres in the Antwerp Art Market. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2006. ISBN 0-8122-2211-3
Smith, Jeffrey Chipps. The Northern Renaissance (Art and Ideas). London: Phaidon Press, 2004. ISBN 0-7148-3867-5
Spronk, Ron. "More than Meets the Eye: An Introduction to Technical Examination of Early Netherlandish Paintings at the Fogg Art Museum". Harvard University Art Museums Bulletin, Volume 5, No. 1, Autumn 1996
Teasdale Smith, Molly. "On the Donor of Jan van Eyck's Rolin Madonna". Gesta, Volume 20, No. 1. In Essays in Honor of Harry Bober, 1981
Toman, Rolf (ed). Renaissance: Art and Architecture in Europe during the 15th and 16th Centuries. Bath: Parragon, 2011. ISBN 978-1-4075-5238-5
Van Der Elst, Joseph. The Last Flowering of the Middle Ages. Whitefish, MT: Kessinger Publishing, 1944
Van Vaernewijck, Marcus; de Smet de Naeyer, Maurice (ed). Mémoires d'un patricien gantois du XVIe siècle. Paris: N. Heins, 1905–06
Vlieghe, Hans. "Flemish Art, Does It Really Exist?". In Simiolus: Netherlands Quarterly for the History of Art, Volume 26, 1998
Ward, John. "Disguised Symbolism as Enactive Symbolism in Van Eyck's Paintings". Artibus et Historiae, Volume 15, No. 29, 1994
Wieck, Roger. "Folia Fugitiva: The Pursuit of the Illuminated Manuscript Leaf". The Journal of the Walters Art Gallery, Volume 54, 1996
Wolff, Martha; Hand, John Oliver. Early Netherlandish painting. Washington: National Gallery of Art, 1987. ISBN 0-521-34016-0
Wood, Christopher S. Albrecht Altdorfer and the Origins of Landscape. London: Reaktion Books, 1993. ISBN 0-948462-46-9

外部連結

Early Netherlandish Painting （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館），紐約大都會藝術博物館（英文）

[1] Ward (1994), 19

[2] Elkins (1991), 53–62

[Spronk7-3] Spronk (1996), 7

[3]

[1]

[2]