铋-209209Bi)是同位素之一,具有極微弱的放射性半衰期長達2.01×1019年,是鉍最穩定的同位素,也是所有發生α衰變放射性同位素中已知半衰期最長的。它有83個質子和126個中子,原子質量爲208.9803987原子質量單位。其中子數126為幻數,因此具有特別的穩定性。铋-209是鉍最普遍的同位素,幾乎占天然鉍的100%。

铋-209,209Bi
基本
符號209Bi
名稱铋-209、Bi-209
原子序83
中子數126
核素数据
豐度100%
半衰期2.01×1019[1]
母同位素209Pb (β)
209Po (β+)
213At (α)
衰变产物205Tl
原子量208.9803987 u
自旋9/2−
过剩能量−18 258.461± 2.4 keV
结合能7847.987± 1.7 keV
衰變模式
衰变类型衰变能量MeV
α衰變3.1373
铋的同位素
完整核素表

衰變特性

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長期以來,人們認爲铋-209是所有元素中最重的穩定同位素,但2003年,法國奧賽天體物理和空間研究所的一個研究小組發現209Bi具有放射性,其發生α衰變半衰期約爲1.9×1019[2][3],超过宇宙年龄的十亿倍。[4]現在公認最穩定的最大質量數核素鉛-208

在不受外界影響的情況下,铋-209衰變産生3.14兆電子伏的α粒子,並嬗變铊-205[5]

 

在人工干預下(比如在反應堆中或使用加速器),铋-209可以參加鉛-铋中子俘獲循環。鉛-206/207/208直到铋-209都可以參加這一循環,但是俘獲截面都相當低。[6][7]

由于铋-209超長的半衰期,對于其應用來說,209Bi仍然可以被當作非放射性物質處理。它的放射性比人體的放射性低得多,因此不會造成任何意義上的輻射傷害。雖然209Bi創造了α衰變的半衰期記錄,但其半衰期並不是實驗上確認的放射性核素中最長的;這一殊榮屬于-128(128Te),其雙β衰變的半衰期估計爲7.7×1024年。[8]而當今宇宙年齡不過為(1.3799±0.021)×1010年。[9][10]

2012年,意大利大薩索國家實驗室(Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso)團隊驗證了铋-209α衰變的半衰期值,他們報告的數據是(2.01±0.08)×1019年。他們還發現了铋-209經α衰變到铊-205的第二種路徑,即從铋-209衰變為铊-205第一激發態。這個反應的半衰期更長,估計爲1.66×1021年。[11]盡管這兩個半衰期都比碲-128的半衰期短,但其α粒子能譜的半峰寬是目前觀測到最小的,根據海森堡測不准原理估計分別爲ΔΕ~5.5×10-43eV和ΔΕ~1.3×10-44eV。[12]

用途

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因为天然铋完全由铋-209组成,所以所有铋的用途都可看作是铋-209的用途,如的替代品、[13][14]化妆品、[15][16]油漆[17]和像是次水杨酸铋的药物。[4][18][19]

合成其它元素

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210Po可通過在核反應堆中用中子轟擊209Bi來制造[20],全世界每年210Po的產量約為100克左右。[21][20]209Po和208Po则可由质子轰击209Bi而成。[22]用α粒子轰击209Bi则能得到[23][24][25]

209Bi也可用于合成如𬭊[26][27][28][29]𬭛[26][30][31][32][33]𬬭[34][35][36][37][38][39]超重元素

核合成

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漸近巨星支紅巨星中,铋-209和钋-210經由S-過程(慢速過程)通過中子俘獲而形成。此二核素是S-過程產生的最重元素。所有比它們更重的元素都是在R-過程(快速過程)中形成的,該過程發生在超新星爆發前十五分钟。[40]

參見

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腳註

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相邻较轻同位素:
铋-208
铋-209是
同位素
相邻较重同位素:
铋-210
母同位素
砹-213 (α)
釙-209 (β+)
鉛-209 (β)
铋-209的
衰變鏈
衰變產物
鉈-205 (α)

參考文獻

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