铋-209
铋-209(209Bi)是铋的同位素之一,具有極微弱的放射性,半衰期長達2.01×1019年,是鉍最穩定的同位素,也是所有發生α衰變的放射性同位素中已知半衰期最長的。它有83個質子和126個中子,原子質量爲208.9803987原子質量單位。其中子數126為幻數,因此具有特別的穩定性。铋-209是鉍最普遍的同位素,幾乎占天然鉍的100%。
基本 | |
---|---|
符號 | 209Bi |
名稱 | 铋-209、Bi-209 |
原子序 | 83 |
中子數 | 126 |
核素数据 | |
豐度 | 100% |
半衰期 | 2.01×1019年[1] |
母同位素 | 209Pb (β−) 209Po (β+) 213At (α) |
衰变产物 | 205Tl |
原子量 | 208.9803987 u |
自旋 | 9/2− |
过剩能量 | −18 258.461± 2.4 keV |
结合能 | 7847.987± 1.7 keV |
衰變模式 | |
衰变类型 | 衰变能量(MeV) |
α衰變 | 3.1373 |
铋的同位素 完整核素表 |
衰變特性
编辑長期以來,人們認爲铋-209是所有元素中最重的穩定同位素,但2003年,法國奧賽天體物理和空間研究所的一個研究小組發現209Bi具有放射性,其發生α衰變的半衰期約爲1.9×1019年[2][3],超过宇宙年龄的十亿倍。[4]現在公認最穩定的最大質量數核素是鉛-208。
在不受外界影響的情況下,铋-209衰變産生3.14兆電子伏的α粒子,並嬗變爲铊-205:[5]
在人工干預下(比如在反應堆中或使用加速器),铋-209可以參加鉛-铋中子俘獲循環。鉛-206/207/208直到铋-209都可以參加這一循環,但是俘獲截面都相當低。[6][7]
由于铋-209超長的半衰期,對于其應用來說,209Bi仍然可以被當作非放射性物質處理。它的放射性比人體的放射性低得多,因此不會造成任何意義上的輻射傷害。雖然209Bi創造了α衰變的半衰期記錄,但其半衰期並不是實驗上確認的放射性核素中最長的;這一殊榮屬于碲-128(128Te),其雙β衰變的半衰期估計爲7.7×1024年。[8]而當今宇宙年齡不過為±0.021)×1010年。 (1.3799[9][10]
2012年,意大利大薩索國家實驗室(Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso)團隊驗證了铋-209α衰變的半衰期值,他們報告的數據是±0.08)×1019年。他們還發現了铋-209經α衰變到铊-205的第二種路徑,即從铋-209衰變為铊-205第一激發態。這個反應的半衰期更長,估計爲1.66×1021年。 (2.01[11]盡管這兩個半衰期都比碲-128的半衰期短,但其α粒子能譜的半峰寬是目前觀測到最小的,根據海森堡測不准原理估計分別爲ΔΕ~5.5×10-43eV和ΔΕ~1.3×10-44eV。[12]
用途
编辑因为天然铋完全由铋-209组成,所以所有铋的用途都可看作是铋-209的用途,如铅的替代品、[13][14]化妆品、[15][16]油漆[17]和像是次水杨酸铋的药物。[4][18][19]
合成其它元素
编辑210Po可通過在核反應堆中用中子轟擊209Bi來制造[20],全世界每年210Po的產量約為100克左右。[21][20]209Po和208Po则可由质子轰击209Bi而成。[22]用α粒子轰击209Bi则能得到砹。[23][24][25]
209Bi也可用于合成如𬭊、[26][27][28][29]𬭛、[26][30]鿏、[31][32][33]𬬭[34][35][36]和鿭[37][38][39]等超重元素。
核合成
编辑在漸近巨星支的紅巨星中,铋-209和钋-210經由S-過程(慢速過程)通過中子俘獲而形成。此二核素是S-過程產生的最重元素。所有比它們更重的元素都是在R-過程(快速過程)中形成的,該過程發生在超新星爆發前十五分钟。[40]
參見
编辑腳註
编辑相邻较轻同位素: 铋-208 |
铋-209是 铋的同位素 |
相邻较重同位素: 铋-210 |
母同位素: 砹-213 (α) 釙-209 (β+) 鉛-209 (β−) |
铋-209的 衰變鏈 |
衰變產物為 鉈-205 (α) |
參考文獻
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