INxelesi
iNzuba iyinhlayiyana yechwe (emelwe izimpawu e noma β) enomlelesa wobuzuba owodwa ophikayo. Wonke amachwe anezinzuba ezizungeza inuzi yechwe. Izinzuba ziyingxenye yeqembu lokuqala emndenini wezinhlayiyana eziyiZinhlamvwana, futhi kucatshangwa ukuthi ziyizinhlayiyana eziyisisekelo ngenxa yokungabi nezakhi ezincane noma izinhlakana ezaziwayo. Isisindo senzuba cishe sincane izikhathi eziyi-1836 kunaleso seNelesi. Izakhi eziwubuNguxa boMngako zenzuba zihlanganisa umjijiyane osangoni (ukumpimpiliza), wenani eliyingxenye, oboniswa ngemivo yezibalo zikaPlanck. NjengezikaFelimi, akunakwenzeka ukuba izinzuba ezimbili zibe sesimweni soMngako esifanayo, ngokuvumelana nesimiso sikaPauli somgonqo. Izinzuba, njengezinye izinhlayiyana eziyisisekelo zinezakhi zezinhlayiyana nezaMaza: Zingagqushana nezinye izinhlayiyana futhi zingasakazeka njengokukhanya. Izakhi zamaza wenzuba kulula ukuzibukisisa ngemigcanso kunalezo zezinye izinhlayiyana ezinjengeziNtunge neziNelesi ngoba izinzuba zinesisindo esiphansi, ingakho kunebangacuphi lika-de Broglie kumpekumpeku ngayinye .
Izinzuba zineqhaza elimqoka kwizimongotho zoqobo ezimbalwa, ezifana namazuba, ubuwonga, Umchazatho nokudlulisa umchadamezo, futhi ziyahlanganyela kwiminano yomnyondo, inzubawonga nokunanana okubuthaka. Selokhu inzuba yaba nomlelesa, inomzuba oyizungezile, futhi Uma leyo nzuba, ihamba ngokwesimelana nengqapheli, lowo oyingqapheli uzoyibona iphehla ubuwonga. Izinkundla zenzubawonga ezikhiqizwe kweminye imithombo ziba nomthelela emdikini wenzuba ngokomthetho wesiphoqi kaLorentz. Izinzuba ziyonza noma zimunyunge isidlakathi esisesimweni samabane lapho zikhawuleziswa. Amathuluzi asengqalabeni anekhono lokucupheza izinzuba ngazinye kanye nonyazani lwenzuba ngokusebenzisa izinkundla zenzubawonga. Izihlongamkhathi ezikhethekile ziyakwazi ukuhlonga unyazani lwenzuba emkhathingeni. Izinzuba zibandakanyeka lwimisebenzi eminingi efana nomchazaphehlu (tribology) noma ukufukutha ngomshikisho, isicazwanzuba (electrolysis), inzubavanga (electrochemistry), ezobuchwepheshe besiphathanzuba, ezobunzuba (electronics), ukushisela (welding), i-cathode-ray tubes, amazubebane (photoelectricity), iziphempe zesivuvebane (photovoltaic solar panels), Izibonancinci zenzuba, ukwelapha ngemiyonzi (radiation therapy), izicwazi, izihlonga kuhonyozeka kohowo (gaseous ionization detectors) nezikhawulezisi zenhlayiya.