I-Morphine ngumuthi wezinhlungu womndeni we- opiate otholakala ngokwemvelo ngombala onsundu, onenhlaka, ovela esitshalweni se-poppy ( Papaver somniferum ). Ingathathwa ngomlomo noma ijojowe; kuyabhenywa kaningi. [1] [2] Isebenza ngqo ohlelweni lwezinzwa oluphakathi (CNS) ukukhulisa imizwa yenjabulo nokuphumula okufudumele nokunciphisa izinhlungu, futhi kuvame ukuhlukunyezwa ngale njongo. [1] Ingathathwa ngazo zombili izinhlungu ezibuhlungu nobuhlungu obungapheli futhi ijwayele ukusetshenziselwa ubuhlungu obuvela ku- infarction ye-myocardial, amatshe ezinso, nangesikhathi sokubeletha . [1]I-morphine ingalawulwa ngomlomo, ngomjovo emsipheni, ngomjovo ngaphansi kwesikhumba, ngemithambo yegazi, ngomjovo esikhaleni esizungeze umgogodla, noma ngohlangothi . [1] Umphumela wayo omkhulu ufinyelelwa ngemuva kokucishe kube ngu-20 imizuzu lapho ifakwa ngemithambo yegazi kanye nama-60 imizuzu lapho ilawulwa ngomlomo, kanti ubude bomphumela wayo ngu-3-7 amahora. [1]hgUkwakhiwa okusebenza isikhathi eside kwe-morphine kuyatholakala njenge-MS-Contin, iKadian, namanye amagama emikhiqizo kanye nangokomkhiqizo.

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  2. Endogenous morphine: up-to-date review 2011. http://fb.cuni.cz/file/5635/FB2012A0008.pdf. Retrieved 10 October 2016. 
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