PARRY was an early example of a chatbot, implemented in 1972 by psychiatrist Kenneth Colby.
History
editPARRY was written in 1972 by psychiatrist Kenneth Colby, then at Stanford University.[1] While ELIZA was a simulation of a Rogerian therapist, PARRY attempted to simulate a person with paranoid schizophrenia.[1] The program implemented a crude model of the behavior of a person with paranoid schizophrenia based on concepts, conceptualizations, and beliefs (judgements about conceptualizations: accept, reject, neutral). It also embodied a conversational strategy, and as such was a much more serious and advanced program than ELIZA. It was described as "ELIZA with attitude".[2]
PARRY was tested in the early 1970s using a variation of the Turing Test. A group of experienced psychiatrists analysed a combination of real patients and computers running PARRY through teleprinters. Another group of 33 psychiatrists were shown transcripts of the conversations. The two groups were then asked to identify which of the "patients" were human and which were computer programs.[3] The psychiatrists were able to make the correct identification only 48 percent of the time — a figure consistent with random guessing.[4]
PARRY and ELIZA (also known as "the Doctor"[5]) interacted several times.[1][6][7] The most famous of these exchanges occurred at the ICCC 1972, where PARRY and ELIZA were hooked up over ARPANET and responded to each other.[7]
See also
editNotes and references
edit- ^ a b c Güven Güzeldere; Stefano Franchi (1995-07-24). "dialogues with colorful personalities of early ai". Stanford Humanities Review, SEHR, volume 4, issue 2: Constructions of the Mind. Stanford University. Archived from the original on 2014-06-28. Retrieved 2008-02-17.
- ^ Boden 2006, p. 370.
- ^ Colby et al. 1972, p. 220.
- ^ Saygin; Cicekli; Akman (2000), "Turing Test: 50 years later" (PDF), Minds and Machines, 10 (4): 463–518, doi:10.1023/A:1011288000451, hdl:11693/24987, S2CID 990084
- ^ Alan J. Sondheim. "<nettime> Important Documents from the Early Internet (1972)". nettime.org. Archived from the original on 2008-06-13. Retrieved 2008-02-18. – transcript of the 1972 document shows programs DOCTOR (an eliza-type program) at Bolt Beranek and Newman and PARRY at Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory
- ^ V. Cerf (21 January 1972). PARRY encounters the DOCTOR. IETF. doi:10.17487/RFC0439. RFC 439. – Transcript of a session between Parry and Eliza. (This is not the dialogue from the ICCC, which took place October 24–26, 1972, whereas this session is from September 18, 1972.)
- ^ a b "Computer History Museum – Exhibits – Internet History – 1970's". Computer History Museum. Retrieved 2008-02-18.
Sources
edit- Boden, Margaret A. (2006), Mind As Machine: A History of Cognitive Science, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-924144-6
- Colby, K. M.; Hilf, F. D.; Weber, S.; Kraemer, H. (1972), "Turing-like indistinguishability tests for the validation of a computer simulation of paranoid processes", Artificial Intelligence, 3: 199–221, doi:10.1016/0004-3702(72)90049-5
External links
edit- Parry's Source Code The original LISP code for Parry.